The Design and Implementation of an E-Commerce Site for...

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................... 1 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................ 1 3. PROJECT DESIGN...................................................................................................... 3 3.1 DATA M ODEL ............................................................................................................ 4 3.1.1 Database Design................................................................................................ 6 3.2. PROCESS M ODEL ................................................................................................... 10†¦show more content†¦4 FIGURE 2 FUNCTIONAL DECOMPOSITION DIAGRAM........................................................... 11 FIGURE 3 CUSTOMER - BROWSE CONTEXT DFD................................................................ 13 FIGURE 4 CUSTOMER - BROWSE DETAILED DFD............................................................... 13 FIGURE 5 CUSTOMER – SHOPPING CART CONTEXT DFD ................................................... 14 FIGURE 6 CUSTOMER - SHOPPING CART DETAILED DFD................................................... 14 FIGURE 7 CUSTOMER - SHOPPING CART DETAILED DFD................................................... 15 FIGURE 8 CUSTOMER - SHOPPING CART DETAILED DFD................................................... 15 FIGURE 9 CUSTOMER – AUTHENTICATION – USERPROFILE DFD....................................... 16 FIGURE 10 AUTHENTICATED USER-PURCHASE CONTEXT DFD ......................................... 16 FIGURE 11 CUSTOMER - AUTHENTICATION - PURCHASE DFD ........................................... 17 FIGURE 12 CUSTOMER - NEW USERREGISTRATION DFD ................................................... 18 FIGURE 13 ADMINSTRATOR CONTEXT DFD ................................................. ..................... 18 FIGURE 14 ADMINISTRATOR DETAILED DFD .................................................................... 18 FIGURE 15 M ENU ............................................................................................................... 19 FIGUREShow MoreRelatedE Commerce : Commercial Transactions Conducted Electronically On The Internet1161 Words   |  5 PagesINTRODUCTION: E-commerce is known as commercial transactions conducted electronically on the Internet. Introduce GOGAL to online business in order to individual customer and to support visitors to become customers and to encourage loyalty for repeat purchase in their customer to develop maintain the GOGAL brand and need to identify their target market through types of advertising and their placement use of e-mail, CRM, social media etc. in visitors/ customers communication. Ecommerce definitionRead MoreThe Impact Of E Commerce On Business7352 Words   |  30 PagesIntroduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 1. Understand the impact of e-Commerce on business 1.1 Critically discuss the expectations of internet customers†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 1.2 Critically assess the potential impact of common applications on an e-Commerce business†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..........†¦8 2. Be able to plan an e-Commerce strategy 2.1 Plan an e-Commerce implementation strategy for an e-Commerce business†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.12 3. Be able to manage an e-Commerce strategy 3.1 Critically assess the risks of linkingRead MoreCIS1101 past exam paper1947 Words   |  8 PagesCIS1101 – BUSINESS ONLINE Page 1 of 14 Examination Period - Semester 2, 2014 PART A Multiple Choice Questions You are required to answer forty (40) questions. This section is worth a total of forty (40) marks. Please record your answers on the CMA Sheet provided. QUESTION 1 The ____________________ is the major reason that the Internet has such potential for destroying traditional conceptions and implementations of intellectual property law. a) ability to make perfect copies of digital works atRead MoreMarketing Pl Amazon s Marketing Strategy1328 Words   |  6 Pagesoutline Amazon’s marketing strategy, financial projections, an implementation plan, and an evaluation of metrics and control. 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Favorite Sport Football Free Essays

string(79) " customer satisfaction diminishes when a firm has increased  bargaining power\." CONSUMER PREFERENCE AND SATISFACTION TOWARDS VARIOUS CELLPHONE SERVICE PROVIDES CHAPTER-I INTRODUCTION CONSUMER A consumer is an individual who purchase or has the capacity to purchase goods and services offered for sale by marketing institutions in order to satisfy  personal or household needs,wants or desires. According to a statement made by Mahatma Gandhi, ‘consumer refers to the following, â€Å"A consumer is  the most important visitor on our premises. He is not dependent on us. We will write a custom essay sample on Favorite Sport Football or any similar topic only for you Order Now We are dependent on him. He is not an outsider to our  Ã‚  business. He is part of it. We are not doing him a favour by serving him. He is doing us a favour by giving us an opportunity to do so†. So  consumer  is  like  the  blood  of  our  business  and  also  a satisfedcustomer is a word of mouth advertisement of a product / services. The consumer is the one who pays to consume the goods and services produced. As such, consumers play a vital role in the economic system of a nation. In the absence of effective consumer demand, producers would lack one of the key motivations to produce to sell to consumers. Typically, when  business  people and economists talk of  consumers, they are talking about  the person as consumer, an aggregated  commodity item with little  individuality  other than that expressed in the decision to buy or not to buy. However, there is a trend in  marketing  to individualize the concept. Instead of generating broad  demographic profiles  and  psycho-graphic profiles  of  market segments, marketers have started to engage in personalized marketing,  permission marketing, and  mass customization. There is increasing backlash from the public over use of the label â€Å"consumer† rather than â€Å"customer†, with many finding it offensive and derogatory. Consumer choice  is a theory of  microeconomics  that relates preferences  for consumption goods  and services to consumption expenditures and ultimately to   consumer demand curves. The link between personal preferences, consumption, and the demand curve  is one of the most closely studied relations in economics. Consumer choice theory is a way of analyzing how consumers may achieve  Ã‚  equilibrium between preferences and expenditures by maximizing  utility  as subject to consumer   budget constraints. Preferences are the desires by each individual for the consumption of goods and services that translate into choices based on income or wealth  for purchases of goods and services to be combined with the consumer’s time to define consumption activities. Consumption is separated from production, logically, because two different consumers are involved. In the first case consumption is by the primary individual; in the second case, a producer might make something that he would not consume himself. Therefore, different motivations and abilities are involved. The  Ã‚  models that make up consumer theory are used to  represent  prospectively observable demand patterns for an individual buyer on the  hypothesis  of constrained optimization. Prominent variables used to explain the rate at which the good is purchased (demanded) are the price per unit of that good, prices of related goods, and wealth of the consumer. The fundamental theorem of demand states that the rate of consumption falls as the price of the good rises. This is called the  substitution effect. Clearly if one does not have enough money to pay the price then they cannot buy any of that item. As prices rise, consumers will substitute away from higher priced goods and services, choosing less costly alternatives. Subsequently, as the wealth of the individual rises, demand increases, shifting the demand curve higher at all rates of consumption. This is called the  income effect. As wealth rises, consumers will substitute away from less costly inferior goods and services, choosing higher priced alternatives. CONSUMER SATISFACTION Every human being is a consumer of different produces. If there is no consumer,  there  is  no  business. Therefore,  consumer  satisfaction  is   very important to every business person. According to Philip Kotler consumer satisfaction is defined on, â€Å"personal feeling of pleasure resulting from comparing a product’s pursued performance in relation to his /her expectations†. Consumer attitude measurements are taken on either potential buries or  existing client’s buries in order  to identify their characteristics. Why should the competent market engineer conduct consumer research? Consumer’s surverys  can provide the researcher with a wealth of information, valuable of the marketing funchion. Detailed information regarding the customer in a market will provide the  basic platform for all marketing decisions. Marketing decision maker needs descriptive information about the total potential unit and dollar sales in each segment. Perhaps the most important one is that a seller need to be  aware of the relevant objective and need  of consumer and  how their objectives  might best reserved by the products. Customer satisfaction, a term frequently used in  marketing, is a measure of how products and services supplied by a company meet or surpass customer expectation. Customer satisfaction is defined as â€Å"the number of customers, or percentage of total customers, whose reported experience with a firm, its products, or its services (ratings) exceeds specified satisfaction goals. †Ã‚  In a survey of nearly 200 senior marketing managers, 71 percent responded that they found a customer satisfaction metric very useful in managing and monitoring their businesses. It is seen as a key performance indicator within business and is often part of a balanced scorecard. In a competitive marketplace where businesses compete for customers, customer satisfaction is seen as a key differentiator and increasingly has become a key element of business strategy. â€Å"Within organizations, customer satisfaction ratings can have powerful effects. They focus employees on the importance of fulfilling customers’ expectations. Furthermore, when these ratings dip, they warn of problems that can affect sales and profitability. . . These metrics quantify an important dynamic. When a brand has loyal customers, it gains positive word-of-mouth marketing, which is both free and highly effective. † Therefore, it is essential for businesses to effectively manage customer satisfaction. To be able do this, firms need reliable and representative measures of satisfaction. â€Å"In researching satisfaction, firms generally ask customers whether their product or s ervice has met or exceeded expectations. Thus, expectations are a key factor behind satisfaction. When customers have high expectations and the reality falls short, they will be disappointed and will likely rate their experience as less than satisfying. For this reason, a luxury resort, for example, might receive a lower satisfaction rating than a budget motel even though its facilities and service would be deemed superior in ‘absolute’ terms. † The importance of customer satisfaction diminishes when a firm has increased  bargaining power. You read "Favorite Sport Football" in category "Essay examples" For example,   cell phone  plan providers, such as AT;T  and  Verizon, participate in an industry that is an  oligopoly , where only a few suppliers of a certain product or service exist. As such, many cell phone plan contracts have a lot of  fine print with provisions that they would never get away if there were, say, a hundred cell phone plan providers, because customer satisfaction would be way too low, and customers would easily have the option of leaving for a better contract offer. There is a substantial body of empirical literature that establishes the benefits of customer satisfaction for firms. PURPOSE â€Å"Customer satisfaction provides a leading indicator of consumer purchase intentions and loyalty.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Customer satisfaction data are among the most frequently collected indicators of market perceptions. Their principal use is two fold. † 1. â€Å"Within organizations, the collection, analysis and dissemination of these data send a message about the importance of tending to customers and ensuring that they have a positive experience with the company’s goods and services. † 2. â€Å"Although sales or market share can indicate ho w well a firm is performing currently, satisfaction is perhaps the best indicator of how likely it is that the firm’s customers will make further purchases in the future. Much research has focused on the relationship between customer satisfaction and retention. Studies indicate that the ramifications of satisfaction are most strongly realized at the extremes. † On a five-point scale, â€Å"individuals who rate their satisfaction level as ‘5’ are likely to become return customers and might even evangelize for the firm. (A second important metric related to satisfaction is willingness to recommend. This metric is defined as â€Å"The percentage of surveyed customers who indicate that they would recommend a brand to friends. When a customer is satisfied with a product, he or she might recommend it to friends, relatives and colleagues. This can be a powerful marketing advantage. ) â€Å"Individuals who rate their satisfaction level as ‘1,’ by contrast, are unlikely to return. Further, they can hurt the firm by making negative comments about it to prospective customers. Willingness to recommend is a key metric relating to customer satisfaction. † MARKET The term market is derived from Latin Word ‘Mercatus’, which means ‘totrade’ that is purchasing and selling of goods. It also means merchandise truthic   place of business. According to Pyle, â€Å"Market includes both place and region in which  buyers and sellers or in free competition with one another†. A  market  is one of many varieties of  systems,  institutions,  procedures,  social relations  and  infrastructures whereby parties engage in exchange. While parties may exchange goods and services by  barter, most markets rely on sellers offering their goods or services (including labor) in exchange for  money  from buyers. It can be said that a market is the process by which the prices of goods and services are established. For a market to be competitive, there must be more than a single buyer or seller. It has been suggested that two people may trade, but it takes at least three persons to have a market, so that there is competition on at least one of its two sides. However,competitive  markets, as understood in formal economic theory, rely on much larger numbers of both buyers and sellers. A market with single seller and multiple buyers is amonopoly. A market with a single buyer and multiple sellers is a  monopsony. These are the extremes of imperfect competition. MARKETING Marketing includes all the impacts involved in the exchange process of   transferring  the  possession  and  ownership  of  goods  or  services  from   the  producer to the ultimate consumer’s. Marketing  is the process of  communicating  the value of a product or service to  customers. Marketing might sometimes be interpreted as the art of selling products, but selling is only a small fraction of marketing. As the term â€Å"Marketing† may replace â€Å"Advertising† it is the overall strategy and function of promoting a product or service to the customer. The American Marketing Association defines marketing as â€Å"the activity ,set of institutions,and processes for creating, communication, delivering,and exchanging offerings that have value for customers,clients,partners,and society at large. † From a societal point of view, marketing is the link between a society’s material requirements and its economic  patterns of response. Marketing satisfies these needs and wants through exchange processes and building long term relationships. The process of communicating the value of a product or service through positioning to customers. Marketing can be looked at as an organizational function and a set of processes for creating, delivering and communicating value to customers, and managing customer relationships in ways that benefit the organization and its  shareholders. Marketing is the science of choosing  target markets  through market analysis and  market segmentation, as well as understanding consumer buying behavior and providing superior customer value. MARKETING FORMULA A)The foremost step is business aims at profit. B)For profit making he can sell the products. C)For selling the product he should create customers. D)For  creating the  customer’s,  customer’s needs  of  preferences  to  beidentified and satisfied. E). To satisfy the customer’s new product to be produced. Marketing is trying to learn, * Who buy the products or services? * How do they buy? * When do they buy? * Where do they buy? * Why do they buy? * How often they buy? It  is  otherwise  called  understand  and  predict  human  actions  in  their  Ã‚   buying role. A marketer is act as consumers while them purchasing any goods/services, and try to market that product to an ultimate consumer. So, marketingis starts with consumer and ends with consumer. So, today’s market is called on consumer market. It can be defined on,â€Å"All the individuals and households who buy goods and services for personal consumption. SKILLS OF MARKETERS Marketers have 4 main skill sets that they bring to an enterprise: 1)Opportunity Identification: Marketing begins before there is a product to sell. Many people think marketing is just selling whatever comes out of the manufacturing  plant. It’s the job of marketing to decide WHAT comes out of the manufacturing  plant in the first place. Before a business can make money there must be opportunities for money to be made and it’s marketing’s job to define what those opportunities are. Marketers analyze markets, market gaps, trends, products,competition, and distribution channels to come  up with opportunities to make money. 2)  Competitive strategy/positioning: Markets consist of groups of competitors  competing for a customer’s business. The job of  marketing is to decide how to create a defensible sustainable competitive advantage against competitors. Marketers conceive strategies, tactics, and business models to make it hard if not impossible for competition to take away customers from their business. 3)  Demand generation/management It’s the job of marketing to create and sustain demand for a company’s products. Marketers manage demand for a company’s products by influencing the probability and frequency of their customer’s purchase behavior. 4)Sales: The ultimate goal of marketing is to make money for a business. In most company’s sales is a different discipline and department from marketing. But in order for  sales people to have any long term success in a company they must be led by marketing. The better job a company does of identifying opportunities, creating a differential sustainable competitive advantage, and generating demand for their products the easier it will be for sales people to make sales. MARKET SHARE OF PUBLIC AND PRIVATE INDUSTRY The fixed line and mobile segments serve the basic needs of local calls, long distance callsand the international calls, with the provision of broadband services in the fixed line segment and GPRS in the mobile arena. Traditional telephones have been replaced by the codeless and the wireless instruments. Mobile phone providers have also come up with GPRS-enabled multimedia messaging, Internet surfing, and mobile-commerce. The much-awaited 3G mobile technology is soon going to enter the Indian telecom market. TheGSM,CDMA,WLLservice  providers  are  all  upgrading  them  to  provide  3G  mobile  services. Along  with improvement in telecom services, there is also an improvement in manufacturing. In the  beginning, there were only the Siemens handsets in India but now a whole series of newhandsets, such as Nokia’s latest N-series, Sony Ericsson’s W-series, Motorola’s PDA phones,etc. have come up. Touch screen and advanced technological handsets are gaining popularity. Radio services have also been incorporated in the mobile handsets, along with other applications like high storage memory, multimedia applications, multimedia games, MP3 Players, video generators,Camera’s, etc. The value added services provided by the mobile service operators contribute more than 10% of the total revenue. THE GLOBAL CELLULAR MOBILE INDUSTRY Global telecom sector Earnings visibility Earnings  growth  is  being  driven  by  improving  pricing  conditions, stabilizing  operating trends, aggressive cost cutting initiatives, a positive regulatory environment, strong wireless growth, and  new market  opportunities. This has  translated into  greater visibility  of  forward earnings as evidenced by recent increased analyst upgrades within the sector. Merger synergies Given the substantial amount of excess capital available in the sector and in private equity we expect to see additional merger and acquisition activity, albeit at a slower pace than recently witnessed. Global  telecom  M;A deals  over  the  past  two years  have  reflected  market expansion but have also had a positive effect on the buyers’ balance sheets. Partnering companies have  begun  realizing their  synergies through cost reductions and  economies of  scale. In the US, the largest three companies now account for over 70% of the sector market cap; this compares to 34% in 1990. Trends in bundled services are also paving the way for  additional M;A  activity. Sector  consolidation will  further  increase  the importance  of stock  selection. METHODS TO CUSTOMER SATISFACTION Companies use the following methods to measure  customer satisfaction. 1 ) Complaints and suggestion system: Companies obtaining complaints through their  customer service centres, and further suggestions were given by customers to satisfy their  desires. 2) Customer satisfaction surveys: Responsive  companies  obtain  a  direct  measure  of  customer  satisfaction  by  periodic surveys. They send questionnaires to random sample of their customers to find out how they feel  about  various  aspects of  the company’s performance and also  solicit views  on their competitor’s performance. It is useful to measure the customer’s willingness to recommend the company and brand to other persons. 3 )Lost Customer Analysis: Companies should contact customers who have stopped buying or who have switched to another supplier to learn why this happened. 4 )Consumer Behavior Vs  Consumption Behavior: Consumer behavior refers to the manner in which an individual reaches decision related to the selection, purchases and use of goods and services. Walters and Paul says that,consumer behavior is the process where by the individuals decides what, when, how and from whom to purchase goods ; services. Consumer  behavior  relates  to  an  individual  person  (Micro  behavior)  where  asconsumption behavior relates to and to the mass or aggregate of individuals. (Macro  behaviour) consumers   behavior   as  a  study  focuses  on  the  decision  process  of  the individual consumer or consuming unit such as the  family. In contrast the consumption behavior as a study is to do with the explanation of the  behavior of the aggregate of consumers or the consuming unit. Consumer is a pivot,around which the entire system of marketing revolves. The study of buyer behavior is one of the most important keys to successful mark. 1. 2. IMPORTANCE OF CONSUMER SATISFACTION The needs to satisfy customer for success in any commercial enterprise is very obvious. The income of all commercial enterprise is derived from the  payments received for the products and services supplied to its customers. If  there is no customer there is no income and there is no business. Then the coreactivity of any company is to attract and retain customers. It is therefore no surprise that Peter Drucker the renowned management Guru, has said â€Å"to satisfy the customers is the mission and purpose of every business†. Satisfaction of customer is essential for retention of customer’s and for  continuous sales of the products and services of the company to customers. This  establishes  the needa for and the importance of customer satisfaction. The  satisfaction  of  consumers  is  different  from  onto another. Became,  each consumer has the different behaviour in their life. So, the marketer satisfy the consumer, he must very well know the behaviour of consumer. 1. 4. CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR The  term  consumer  behaviour  may  be  defined  as  the  behaviour   that consumer displays in searching for purchasing, using, evaluating, producing,services and ideas which they expect will satisfy their needs. In other words, â€Å"It is a study of physiological, social, physical, behaviours of all potential customer  as they become aware of evaluation, purchase and consumption and ell other  about products and services† 1. 5. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY: * To study the evaluation of cell phones with particular reference to India. * To ascertain the attributer which influenced the customer’s in selecting a  particular cell phone services provider. * To study  the consumer’s satisfaction towards different cell  phone service  providers. * To assess the problems faced by the cell phone users in services. * To offer valuable suggestions to improve the services of cell phones in each companies. INRODUCTION TO TELECOM INDUSTRY The Indian Telecommunications network with 110. 1 million connections is the fifth largest in the world and the second largest among the emerging economies of Asia. Today, it is the fastest growing market in the world and represents unique opportunities for U. S. companies in the stagnant global scenario. The total subscriber base, which has grown by 40% in 2005,is expected to reach 250 million in 2007. According to Broadband Policy 2004, Government of India aims at 9 million broadband connections and 18 million internet connections by2007. The wireless subscriber base has jumped from 33. 69 million in 2004 to 62. 57 million in FY2004- 2005. In the last 3 years, two out of every three new telephone subscribers were wireless  subscribers. Consequently, wireless  now accounts for  54. 6% of  the total  telephone subscriber base, as compared to only 40% in 2003. Wireless subscriber growth is expected to  bypass 2. 5 million new subscribers per month by 2007. The wireless technologies currently in use are Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA). There are primarily 9 GSM and 5 CDMA operators providing mobile services in 19 telecom circles and 4 metro cities, covering 2000 towns across the country. . 6. NEED OF THE STUDY Exchange of information becomes the necessity of life to a common man. In the modern world an individual tends to communicate anything to everything right from the place where he/she stands. Even while riding vehicle he / she wants communicate within a  fraction of second at quick speed with clear  voice,without any disturbance. Like line crossing , out of order, etc. most of which lack in the connection given by the department of tele-communictions. Cell  phones emerges as a boon quench such a thirst, the by providing facilities,which a common man cannot imagine. Though cell phone industry has its originin the recent past and the growth has been excellent Day by day many new competitors enter the market with new attractive schemes,  provide additional facilities, add new  features to existing ones, reduce the charges her incoming and outgoing calls, introduce varieties of handsets,models  a  healthy  competition  that  benefits  the  subscribers. Hence  in  this context, it is important to study the functioning of cellular phone services and the utilization of their services by the telephonesation. 1. 8. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM In our country the growth of service marketing especially mobile phone industry is still in its infancy stage, as compared to the industrially advanced countries. It is for the fact that the economy of our country has been in the developing stage. There are various mobile phones services provider’s in our  country and they are playing an essential role in fulfilling the needs of the customers. Now-a-days, the customers are more dynamic. Their taste, needs and  preference can the changing as per current scenario. Hence the development of  cellular industry mainly depends on the customer satisfaction. However the following questions may arise regarding customer satisfaction. CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE India is the world’s fastest growing industry in the world in terms of number of wireless connections after China, with 811. 59 million mobile phone subscribers. According to the world telecommunications industry, India will have 1. 200 billion mobile subscribers by 2013. Furthermore, projections by several leading global consultancies indicate that the total number of subscribers in India will exceed the total subscriber count in the China by 2013. In 1850 experimental electric telegraph started for first time in India between  Calcutta (Kolkata) and Diamond Harbor (southern suburbs of Kolkata, on the banks of the Hooghly River). In 1851, it was opened for the use of the British East India Company. Subsequently construction of telegraph started through out India. A separate department was opened to the public in 1854. Dr. William O’Shaughnessy, who pioneered the telegraph and telephone in India, belonged to the Public Works Department, and worked towards the development of telecom. Calcutta or the-then Kolkata was chosen as it was the capital of British India. In early1881, Oriental Telephone Company Limited of England opened telephone exchanges at Calcutta (Kolkata), Bombay (Mumbai), Madras (Chennai) and Ahmedabad. On the 28th January 1882 the first formal telephone service was established with a total of 93 subscribers. From the year 1902 India drastically changes from cable telegraph to wireless telegraph, radio telegraph, radio telephone, trunk dialing. Trunk dialing used in India for more than a decade, were system allowed subscribers to dial calls with operator assistance. Later moved to digital microwave, optical fiber, satellite earth station. During British period all major cities and towns in India were linked with telephones. In the year 1975 Department of Telecom (DoT) was responsible for telecom services in entire country after separation from Indian Post ; Telecommunication. Decade later Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited (MTNL) was chipped out of DoT to run the telecom services of Delhi and Mumbai. In 1990s the telecom sector was opened up by the Government for private investment. In1995 TRAI (Telecom Regulatory Authority of India) was setup. This reduced the interference of Government in deciding tariffs and policy making. The Government of India corporatized the operations wing of DoT in 2000 and renamed Department of Telecom as Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL). In last 10 years many private operator’s especially foreign investors successfully entered the high potential Indian telecom market. Globally acclaimed operators like Telenor, NTT Docomo, Vodafone, Sistema, SingTel, Maxis, Etisalat invested in India mobile operators. Wireless Communication Pager Services Pager communication successful launched in India in the year 1995. Pagers were looked upon as devices that offered the much needed mobility in communication, especially for businesses. Motorola was a major player with nearly 80 per cent of the market share. The other companies included Mobilink, Pagelink, BPL, Usha Martin telecom and Easy call. Pagers were generally worn on the belt or carried in the pocket. The business peaked in 1998 with the subscriber base reaching nearly 2 million. However, the number dropped to less than 500,000 in 2002. The pager companies in India were soon struggling to maintain their business. While 2-way pagers could have buffered the fall, the pager companies were not in a position to upgrade their infrastructure to improve the ailing market. The Indian Paging Services Association was unable to support the industry. Pager companies in India also offered their services in regional languages also. However, the end had begun already. By 2002, Motorola stops making or servicing pagers. When mobile phones were commercially launched in India, the pager had many advantages to boast. Pagers were smaller, had a longer battery life and were considerably cheaper. However, the mobile phones got better with time and continuously upgraded themselves. Mobile Communication First mobile telephone service on non-commercial basis started in India on 48th Independence Day at country’s capital Delhi. The first cellular call was made in India on July 31st, 1995 over  Modi Telstra’s MobileNet GSM network of Kolkata. Later mobile telephone services are divided into multiple zones known as circles. Competition has caused prices to drop and calls across India are one of the cheapest in the world. Most of operator follows GSM mobile system operate under 900MHz bandwidth few recent players started operating under 1800MHz bandwidth. CDMA operators operate under 800Mhz band, they are first to introduce EVDO based high speed wireless data services via USB dongle. In spite of this huge growth Indian telecom sector is hit by severe spectrum crunch, corruption by India Govt. officials and financial troubles. In 2008, India entered the 3G arena with the launch of 3G enabled Mobile and Data services by Government owned MTNL and BSNL. Later from November 2010 private operator’s started to launch their services. Broadband communication After US, Japan, India stands in third largest Internet users of which 40% of Internet used via mobile phones. India ranks one of the lowest provider of broadband speed as compared countries such as Japan, India and Norway. Minimum broadband speed of 256kbit/s but speed above 2Mbits is still in a nascent stage. Year 2007 had been declared as â€Å"Year of Broadband† in India. Telco’s based on ADSL/VDSL in India generally have speeds up to 24Mbit max while those based on newer Optical Fiber technology offer up to 100Mbits in some plans Fiber-optic communication (FTTx). Broadband growth has been plagued by many problems. Complicated tariff structure, metered billing, High charges for right of way, Lack of domestic content, non implementation of Local-loop unbundling have all resulted in hindrance to the growth of broadband. Many experts think future of broadband is on the hands of   wireless factor. BWA auction winners are expected to roll out LTE and WiMAX in India in 2012. Next Generation Network (NGN) Next Generation Networks, multiple access networks can connect customers to a core network based on IP technology. These access How to cite Favorite Sport Football, Essay examples

Modern Age in British Literature free essay sample

To begin, at its time, modernism brought more literature to the stage than most if not all other eras preceding it. A perk of the Victorian Age was the greatly increased literacy rate, and with that came a higher demand for all kinds of literature. The influx of upcoming authors was looked down upon by those more sophisticated and well known, but the public found the newcomers more interesting. â€Å"Writers who refused to bow to the popular tastes found themselves in a state of alienation from the mainstream of society† (Rahn 1). Even though most of these refined novelists and poets were not well spoken of, they still made large literary contributions that society took in. Eventually populism returned to the mainstream of modern literature. On the topic of upcoming authors, society was not seeing the common majority of works by only Caucasian males anymore. More variety was seen in this era as women, the unwealthy, and several minorities were publishing their works and being noticed. We will write a custom essay sample on Modern Age in British Literature or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Langston Hughes, an African-American poet and females like Amy Lowell were publishing works and breaking the literary barriers for minorities. This age was the beginning of racial/sexual diversity in literature. Characteristics of modernism have been seen as far back as the 19th century. Modern age thinkers were largely contrasting of the most recent Naturalist era. While naturalists pondered the concepts of nature and life, modernists were taking into account the shocking events that took place at the time, and the toll it took on individuals. â€Å"The Modernist cares rather little for Nature, Being, or the overarching structures of history. Instead of progress and growth, the Modernist intelligentsia sees decay and a growing alienation of the individual† (Rahn 1). One of the major events in this era was World War I. Known as the War to End All Wars, society experienced the horror the war brought and had no idea that the world could ever dive into such chaos and terror, and wondered where the war will take them afterwards. World War I definitely inspired the earlier modern writers, reinforcing their point about decaying societies and alienation, which may be experienced by war veterans inflicted by war terrors. Moving on, one of the well known poets of the modern age was Dylan Marlais Thomas. Born on October 27, 1914, Thomas grew up in South Wales, Swansea with an English Literature professor for a father. Though his parents spoke Welsh, he and his sister were exclusively taught English instead. Thomas was a junior reporter for the South Wales Daily Post until he decided to quit and focus on his poetry full time. As mentioned in his biography, it was during the period of time after he left the Post that he wrote over half of his known poems (â€Å"Dylan Thomas† 1). He moved to London in 1934 where he published his first book 18 Poems which became a great success. Two years later, he met and married Caitlin Macnamara, eventually moving to the U. S. in 1950. Thomas toured America four times over, and as he toured he recited his poems to audiences very well. â€Å"Thomas read his poems in a booming Welsh voice that was very effective on the stage† (â€Å"Thomas, Dylan† 1). Thomas passed out in a hotel after heavy drinking one night, and was announced dead on November 9th, 1953. A plaque dedicated to Thomas was set in Poet’s Corner of Westminster Abbey 30 years later. Some of Thomas’ works include poems such as Fern Hill, I see the boys of summer, and My hero bares his nerves. Another poem written by Dylan Thomas is titled Do not go gentle into that good night. The poem in its entirety is the excerpt of Thomas’ work included in this paper. Analyzing the poem, it seems to depict the speaker (most likely Thomas himself) urging his dying father not to let go of life so easily. He urges his father to fight against death, and even if it seems inevitable, he must not succumb to it so easily. Thomas must have written this poem while his father was in a critical condition. Thomas may have written this poem solely for himself, since it is rumored that he never read or showed the poem to his father. The mood of this poem ties in with the overall feeling of the modernist age since in these times the authors could easily be negatively impacted by concerns such as the world wars. While a dying loved one initially invokes sadness, the current events of the time can amplify the feelings these authors have in their writing. Finally, modernism has played a part in creating the next literary era: the post-modernism age. Essentially, while modernism involved concepts such as loss being a common theme and questioning the truth, â€Å"postmodernism is more playful or celebratory regarding the world’s â€Å"insanity†Ã¢â‚¬  (Byrne 1). Postmodernism was the beginning of looking at things in a brighter light, so to speak. In conclusion, the modern age helped bring a change in how society thinks about truth and reality (Rahn 1). Larger groups of authors were seen in this era, and minorities were seen to publish their works openly.

XYZ Company

Introduction The effects of government policies on the functioning and a long-term plan of an enterprise are undisputable. The concept of free market economy is not devoid of a government mechanism that controls the operations from distance and in invisible ways. Government fiscal and monetary policies affect the operations of private organizations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on XYZ Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On the one hand, government’s actions have a strong effect on a pricing policy, an expansion decision, and other operational decisions undertaken by a private enterprise (Agenor, Izquierdo Jensen, 2009). Policies related to antitrust laws, fiscal, and monetary policies affect private enterprises directly. On the other hand, policies related to environment, trade relations, and international policies affect private companies indirectly. The sportswear market is a dominant form, which h as to expand and embrace globalization in order to remain competitive in a highly monopolistic market. This paper discusses the fictitious sports apparel company XYZ and the effect that government policies have on its expansion plans and long term investment decisions. However, the paper will begin with a discussion of the development of an inelastic pricing policy. An Inelastic Pricing Policy: Rationale Inelastic pricing policy of a product is carried out in order to have inelastic demand for the product. The aim of the inelastic pricing is to have a profit maximizing sports apparel brand. Gaining profit-maximizing is traditionally defined as setting the range of prices, at which the marginal revenue of the product is zero. Profit maximizing will ensure inelastic prices for a corporation (McEacherm, 2011). For instance, the marginal cost of the brand and association of the brand with the sports celebrities will double the effect of the appeal of the product to the customers. This w ill ensure an inelastic demand for sports, because apparel is not bought simply for the sake of the product itself but for the association of the product with the game or the sports personality. Hence, the price that the consumers are willing to pay is not for the product but the association of marginal talent that is related to the product. Hence, the sports apparel brand has to associate itself with the top talents in the industry to ensure that their pricing can be inelastic, for the price is equated not with marginal cost for profit maximization, but with marginal talent of the sportsperson. Effect of Government Policies on Production and Employment The process of recovering from failure of capital projects is through regrouping. Apart of assembling, all the key people involved in the planning process have to be regrouped to assess the failures and loopholes in the planning process and do a proper diagnostic check. Usually what companies do is trying to reduce cost and losses by getting back on schedule at the earliest.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, this is a knee-jerking response to the problem, and in doing so, companies usually do not detect the real reason of failure. Therefore, the best option is to put in quality time to evaluate the issue and address it. Complete transparency in the operational process and the implementation process is necessary. Further accountability is also important. Maintaining a complete and thorough audit trial is essential for the companies to ensure proper documentation of the project process. In addition, as it has been mentioned above, the cessation of a company’s monopoly reduces unemployment rates considerably. By opening new opportunities or other enterprises within the target market, government will provide more people with the chances to get a job. Thus, the unemployment rates will plummet. Effect of Government Policies XYZ Company In a retrospect, the effects that government has had on the XYZ Company are rather impressive. To start with, it would be wrong to claim that governmental regulation of the company’s processes can be defined as solely negative. Quite on the contrary, it seems that the XYZ Company can reach equilibrium between the marginal revenue and marginal cost curves. More to the point, seeing how the XYZ Company is defined as a monopolistic one, as well as that the company operates within a monopolistic market, the introduction of governmental regulation allows for setting the prices for the company’s services that will be considerably higher than the aforementioned marginal cost, therefore, increasing the company’s profit. However, the effects that the governmental supervision has on the XYZ Company’s processes are rather diverse; particularly, the fact that the government will reduce the company’s control over market price should be mentioned. Once the XYZ Company is unable to earn higher profit and remain the monopolist for the provided services, it will have to address a number of issues, including the means to fight the competitors efficiently, come up with the new means of attracting target customers, search for resources and information faster than the rival companies, etc. The aforementioned operations will demand impressive amounts of money, which presupposes that the XYZ Company will have to cut on several costs, possibly including the inbound and outbound logistics (the choice of the resource transportation methods should be reconsidered), as well as the current methods of marketing.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on XYZ Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Is Government Regulation Needed for XYZ Company/Industry? The information provided above shows clearly that the XYZ Company does not actually need the interfe rence of the government into its organizational, financial and production processes; in fact, knowing quite little about the specifics of the company’s key mechanisms, as well as inside and outside factors that affect its operations, the government will most likely do more harm than it will improve the organization’s performance (Forrest Yip, 2011). This, therefore, begs the question whether the governmental regulation should actually be encouraged for SMEs in general and the XYZ Company in particular. Seeing how the intrusion of the government bodies into the course of the company has been quite negative so far, one might assume that the idea of allowing the governmental bodies interfere with the company’s policy are entirely negative. Indeed, the state authorities know little to nothing about the XYZ Company’s operational processes, marketing principles and organizational culture. Therefore, their effect on the company’s ability to earn supernor mal profit may be deplorable. In addition, it will be harder for the XYZ Company to remain monopolistic once the state authorities will take control over most of its processes. However, when considering the aforementioned changes closer, one will notice that the governmental influence allows the XYZ Company to gain better competitiveness. Fairness of Government Policy Government policies have a strong effect on stimulating market demand and expansion of the market for organizations, as well as production and employment in private sector. The evidence of the positive effect on public capital investment, infrastructure and other developmental work in the specified afield is evident – with an increase in public spending, there is an increase in resources as well as an increase in the productivity of the existing resources available to the private companies. For instance, a new highway joining the industrial belts allows trucks to transport goods faster. The reduction in the time taken by truck drivers to transport the products implies less damage to the trucks and greater productivity by means of reducing wage paid to the drivers by the producers. Hence, government spending on construction of a highway has a positive externality on the total cost of production of the private companies. Further, government spending on education, sewers, hospitalization, etc. helps in creating a more educated and healthy workforce that helps private companies to increase employment. In other words, public spending helps increase the employability of the working age population (OECD, 2012). Major Reasons for Government Involvement in a Market Economy The agency theory has tried to explain the issues between the divergent interests of management and shareholders. The issues may be solved by usage of the firm’s strategic behavior, finding a convergence between management structure and shareholder contract, and signing a new shareholder and manager contract. Some areas of friction between shareholders and managers are entry-exit barriers, organizational inertia, and an inefficient organization structure (McGuigan, Moyer, Harris, 2014).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the agency theory, one of the most prevalent methods of conversing the interests is through ESOPs (employee stock options). Stock options given to employees introduce managers to the rank of shareholders, and, hence, help managers maximize shareholders’ wealth. Another method presupposes the enforcement of a bonding mechanism in the company. Thus, managers are responsible for the bonds and are accountable for them. In both the cases, the aim is to enhance the degree of dependability between managers and shareholders. These methods will ensure greater reliability and understanding between the managers and the shareholders, whose interests will become linear, and, hence, will fetch greater profitability for the XYZ Company. Further, the convergence of interest theory suggests that the firm’s valuation will increase once the company will be guided by the government (Peng, 2009). Convergence between the Interests of Stockholders and Managers The overall study shows that the presence of government control and a panoptic system to monitor capitalist market economy is essential in order to work as a cushion that facilitates the working and/or recovery of the firm. Moreover, it also works as a monitoring agency that ensures ethical conduct. Government intervention has been found to be profitable to companies entering the global market. Inelastic pricing policy may be adopted by maximizing profit, but in case of sports goods brands, maximizing talents is necessary. Government intervention is essential for the functioning of the economy, for an open credit environment will delve the economy in an unprecedented recession. Further, the essay presents that inefficient planning is to be blamed for failure of capital projects. The only method to elevate the problem of management and shareholder conflict of interest is through establishing managerial shareholding through employee share ownership. Conclusion Capital projects essentially mean expansion by acqui ring a large sum of money or capital for long-term growth. Capital project usually run the risk of failure due to the primary cause of cost overrun. One of the causes of cost overrun is insufficient planning at the initial stage of the project implementation. Further inadequate and poor project controls can also cause problems in capital projects. Other issues may include delays in payment, an ineffective decision-making process, the lack of control over the processes, unavailability of skilled labor, etc. Usually, capital projects are not caused by a single problem, but rather are triggered by a blend of two or more issues. Many projects end up badly because they were unable to begin at the right pace. Further, unregistered, or defined cost resulted in company’s deviating from the schedule of the project. A poor calculation of the project budget and an untimely delivery of the results, as well as missing the deadlines, are the primary causes of project failures (Venkataraman Pinto, 2011). Reference List Agenor, P.-R., Izquierdo, A. Jensen, H. P. (2009). Adjustment policies, poverty, and unemployment. New York, NY: John Wiley Sons. Forrest, R. Yip, N. M. (2011). Housing markets and the global financial crisis: The uneven impact on households. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing McEacherm, W. A. (2011). Economics: A contemporary introduction. Stanford, CT: Cengage Learning. McGuigan, J. R., Moyer, R. C., Harris, F. H. deB. (2014). Managerial economics: applications, strategies and tactics (13th Ed.). Stamford, CT: Cengage Learning. OECD (2012). OECD economic surveys: Slovak Republic 2012. Geneva, Switzerland: OECD Publishing. Peng, M. (2009). Global business 2009 update. Stamford, CT: Cengage Learning. Venkataraman, R. R. Pinto, J. K. (2011). Cost and value management in projects. New York, NY: John Wiley Sons. This essay on XYZ Company was written and submitted by user MotherAskani to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. XYZ Company

USS California (BB-44) during World War II

USS California (BB-44) during World War II Entering service in 1921, USS California (BB-44) served the US Navy for over a quarter century and saw combat operations during World War II (1939-1945). Dubbed The Prune Barge due to the large volume of the fruit exported by California in the early part of the 20th century, the battleship was the second vessel of the Tennessee-class and was severely damaged during the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. Raised from the harbors mud, it was repaired and heavily modernized. Rejoining the fleet in 1944, California took part in the Allies island-hopping campaign across the Pacific and played a central role in the Battle of the Surigao Strait. Though hit by a kamikaze in early 1945, the battleship was quickly repaired and returned to action that summer. Remaining in the Pacific through the end of the war, California later helped transport occupation troops to Japan. Design USS California  (BB-44) was the second ship of the  Tennessee-class of battleship.  The ninth  type of dreadnought battleship  (South Carolina, Delaware, Florida,  Wyoming,  New York,  Nevada,  Pennsylvania,  and  New Mexico) built for the US Navy, the  Tennessee-class was intended to be an enhanced variant  of the preceding  New Mexico-class.  The fourth class  to follow the Standard-type approach, which required ships to possess  similar operational and tactical attributes,  the  Tennessee-class was propelled  by  oil-fired boilers rather than  coal and employed an  Ã¢â‚¬Å"all or nothing† armor arrangement.   This armor scheme  called for critical  areas of the ship, such as magazines and engineering, to be heavily protected while less important spaces were left unarmored.  Also, Standard-type battleships were required to have  a  minimum top speed of 21 knots and a tactical turn radius of 700 yards or less. Designed after the  Battle of Jutland, the  Tennessee-class class was the first to utilize the  lessons learned in the engagement.  These included enhanced armor below the waterline as well as fire control systems for both the main and secondary batteries which were placed on top of two large cage masts.   As with the  New Mexico-class, the new ships carried twelve 14 guns in four triple turrets and fourteen 5 guns.  In an improvement over  its predecessors, the main battery on the  Tennessee-class could elevate its guns to 30 degrees which increased the weapons range by 10,000 yards.  Ordered on December 28, 1915, the new class comprised two ships: USS  Tennessee  (BB-43) and USS  California  (BB-44). Construction Laid down at the Mare Island  Naval Shipyard on October 25, 1916, construction of California advanced through the winter and following spring when the  US entered  World War I.  The last battleship built on the West Coast, it slid down the ways on  November 20,  1919, with Barbara Zane,  daughter of California  Governor William D. Stephens, serving as sponsor.  Completing construction,  California  entered commission on August 10, 1921,  with Captain Henry J.  Ziegemeier in command.  Ordered to join the Pacific Fleet, it immediately became this forces flagship. USS California (BB-44) shortly after completion in 1921. US Naval History and Heritage Command USS California (BB-44) - Overview Nation:  United StatesType:  BattleshipShipyard:  Mare Island Naval ShipyardLaid Down:  October 25, 1917Launched:  November 20, 1919Commissioned:  August 10, 1921Fate:  Sold for scrap Specifications (as built) Displacement:  32,300  tonsLength:  624.5 ft.Beam:  97.3  ft.Draft:  30.3  ft.Propulsion:  Turbo-electric transmission  turning 4 propellersSpeed:  21  knotsComplement:  1,083  men Armament (as built) 12  Ãƒâ€" 14 in. gun (4  Ãƒâ€" 3)14 Ãâ€" 5 in. guns2 Ãâ€" 21 in. torpedo tubes Interwar Years Over the next several years,  California  participated in a routine cycle of peacetime training, fleet maneuvers, and war games.  A high-performing ship, it won the Battle Efficiency Pennant in 1921 and 1922 as well as Gunnery E awards for 1925 and 1926.  In the former year,  California  led elements of the fleet on a goodwill cruise to Australia and New Zealand.  Returning to its usual operations in 1926, it underwent a brief modernization program in the winter of 1929/30 which saw enhancements to it anti-aircraft defenses and additional elevation added to its main battery.   Though largely operating out of San Pedro, CA during the 1930s,  California  transited the Panama Canal in 1939 to visit the  Worlds Fair in New York City.  Returning to the Pacific, the battleship took part in Fleet Problem XXI in April 1940 which simulated a defense of the Hawaiian Islands.  Due to increasing tensions with Japan, the fleet remained in Hawaiian waters after the exercise and shifted its base to Pearl Harbor.  That year also saw  California  selected as one of the first six ships to receive the new RCA CXAM radar system.  Ã‚  Ã‚   World War II Begins On December 7, 1941,  California  was moored at the southernmost berth on Pearl Harbors Battleship Row.  When the Japanese attacked that morning, the ship quickly sustained two torpedo hits which caused extensive flooding.  This was worsened by the fact that many watertight doors had been left open in preparation for an impending inspection.  The torpedoes were followed by a bomb hit which detonated an  anti-aircraft ammunition magazine.   A second bomb, which just missed, exploded and ruptured several hull plates near the bow.  With the flooding out of control,  California  slowly sunk over the next three days before settling upright in the mud with just its superstructure above the waves.  In the attack, 100 of the crew were killed and 62 wounded.  Two of Californias crew, Robert R. Scott and Thomas Reeves,  posthumously received the Medal of Honor for the actions during the attack. USS California (BB-44) after sinking on December 7, 1941. Naval History and Heritage Command Salvage work commenced a short time later and on March 25, 1942,  California  was re-floated and moved to dry dock for temporary repairs.  On June 7, it departed under its own power for Puget Sound Navy Yard where it would begin a major modernization program.  Entering the yard, this plan saw significant alterations to the ships superstructure, the trunking of the two funnels into one, improved watertight compartmentalization, expansion of the anti-aircraft defenses, alterations to the secondary armament, and a widening of the hull to increase stability and torpedo protection.  This last change pushed  California  past the beam limitations for the Panama Canal essentially limiting it to wartime service in the Pacific. Rejoining the Fight Departing Puget Sound on January 31, 1944,  California  conducted shakedown cruises  off San Pedro before steaming west to aid in the invasion of the Marianas.  That June, the battleship joined combat operations when it provided fire support during the Battle of Saipan.  On June 14, California sustained a hit from a shore battery which inflicted  minor damage and caused 10 casualties (1 killed, 9 wounded).  In July and August, the battleship aided in the landings on Guam and Tinian.  On August 24, California  arrived at Espiritu Santo for repairs after a minor collision with  Tennessee.  Completed, it then departed for Manus on September 17 to join forces massing for the invasion of the Philippines. USS California (BB-44), 1944. Naval History and Heritage Command Covering  the landings on Leyte between October 17 and 20,  California, part of Rear Admiral Jesse Oldendorfs 7th Fleet Support Force, then shifted south to the Surigao Strait.  On the night of October 25, Oldendorf inflicted a decisive defeat on Japanese forces at the Battle of Surigao Strait.  Part of the larger Battle of Leyte Gulf, the engagement saw several Pearl Harbor veterans exact revenge on the enemy.  Returning to action in early January 1945,  California  provided fire support for the Lingayen Gulf landings on Luzon.  Remaining offshore, it was struck by a kamikaze on January 6 which killed 44 and wounded 155.  Completing operations in the Philippines, the battleship then departed for repairs at Puget Sound. Final Actions In the yard from February through late spring,  California  rejoined the fleet on June 15 when it arrived off Okinawa.  Aiding troops ashore during the final days of the Battle of Okinawa, it then covered minesweeping operations in the East China Sea.  With the end of the war in August,  California  escorted occupation troops to Wakayama, Japan and remained in Japanese waters until mid-October.   Receiving orders to return to the United States, the battleship shaped a course through the Indian Ocean and around the Cape of Good Hope as it was too wide for the Panama Canal.  Touching at Singapore, Colombo, and Cape Town, it arrived at Philadelphia on December 7.  Moved into reserve on August 7, 1946,  California was decommissioned on February 14, 1947.  Retained for twelve years, it was then sold for scrap on March 1, 1959.

Example of Argumentative Essay

Example of Argumentative Essay Example of Argumentative Essay Example of Argumentative Essay There are many topics for argumentative essay writing.   However, it is very easy to get lost in all peculiarities of academic essay writing.   As a result, many students end up copying free argumentative essays from the Internet.   What is the result?   They get an F because a teacher easily locates the source of copied essay.   Below is a good example of argumentative essay posted here with the sole purpose to assist you with writing.   Use it a source for ideas.   If you need individual help with writing argumentative essay, you should order customized essay writing service. Our argumentative essay writing services are inexpensive and you will definitely be satisfied with the quality writing. By the way, has a popular blog on writing with wealth of free samples and examples of essays on virtually any topic. Free Example of Argumentative Essay Rationalization theory is a powerful tool in putting long-range historical processes into perspective. The overriding ethos of industrial society-a cost-accounting mentality and the urge to build and control institutionshelps explain both the ethos of urban revivalism and the ethos of religious television. The ethos of both reflects the historical periods in which they developed. The ethos of revivalism and its use of appropriate means fits into an era dominated by industrial capitalism; the ethos of religious television and the notion of God's technology fits neatly into the postindustrial era, in which technology will "solve" all our social problems. As part of the business and entrepreneurial tradition, televangelists are businessmen for the Lord. They are eager to seize available opportunities to sell the gospel through mass communications. They pursue their goals of winning souls and building teleministries without hesitation, never questioning the appropriateness of using telev ision to do so. Neither are they encumbered by denominational deliberations. Rather, their concern is how to use television effectively. Schooled in pragmatism, televangelists know how to reach the individual Christian, offering hope and love to ameliorate fear and anxiety and, perhaps more importantly, offering membership into their television communities as a means of acknowledging the viewers' importance to them. In addition to the use of any appropriate means to win souls, members of the electric church value the dynamics of a free-market economy in modern life, including competition for religious beliefs. They believe that the free market will recalibrate the economic system and the religious system and, because of this strongly held mindset, they claim to oppose federal government regulation and intervention. Despite their rejection of Darwinism, they equate successful competition with worthiness and confidently compete with other religious groups and organizations. One way they compete is by reaching out to those evangelicals who are nonaffiliated or disenchanted with their congregations. Another is by competing for the same, already established audience, as illustrated by Oral Roberts fighting to maintain his top-ranked position but losing to Jimmy Swaggart, or the fortunes of Rex Humbard and James Robison waning, but those of Pat Robertson and Jim Bakker rising. Several related phenomena appear during such competition. First, the teleministries act like other institutions in similar situations. They try new program techniques. They hire new technical-professional staff. They contrive events to get their names in the papers and on television. They diversify their business activities by offering hotel facilities, special tours of their studios, schools for the children of viewers, and, in one case, a theme park. In short, they engage in the business of staying in business, and, in the process, lose their uniqueness and mystery. Argumentative Essay Writing Service Once again, I do not recommend copying the above example of argumentative essay.   If the topic cover in the example does not really suit your requirements or topic, you have an opportunity to request professional essay writing help at our site.   We are open 24/7 and we do not ignore your requests.   All students are helped. Our writing services are affordable and 100% confidential.

Has equality made America freer Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Has equality made America freer - Research Paper Example Due to this, a number of revolts of the slaves were recorded in the 18th up to the early 19th century. (Fede, p. 27) These revolts were caused by the injustices, discrimination and maltreatment to the slaves and to the black community. Due to these revolts, there were some states in the US that abolished slavery. The first state to abolish slavery was Rhode Island in 1774. This act of abolition intensified the hunger of the slaves and the black community for total eradication of the inequalities (Surname) 2 happening in the land. The abolition was followed by Vermont, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, New York and New Jersey which transpired from 1777 to 1804. Although the importation of slaves from other countries was banned, selling of slaves continued within the US. (Osborne, p. 11) In 1831, The Liberator, an anti-slavery newspaper was founded by William Garrison and soon thereafter, the American Anti-Slavery Society was formed. A movement of white anti-slav ery Protestants was based on the principles of the Second Great Awakening. Theodore Weld led the liberation of slaves. Caused by the fact that revolts had been here and there, the Congress got tired of the abolitionists. Slavery and discrimination went on even in States where slavery was not allowed. African Americans took on principal roles in the abolition which dominated most part of the South. Both Frederick Douglass (The North Star) and David Walker took part in the revolt against the white tyranny. The Underground Railroad helped slaves to escape from the South. (Fede, p. 43) This fight over equality by the slaves and the black community went on until the signing of the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863. President Lincoln thought that the proclamation would be seen as a temporary measure to the war. Immediately thereafter, in 1864, the Thirteenth Amendment was passed by the Senate followed by the by the House on January 31, 1865. This states that â€Å"Neither slavery nor inv oluntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.† (Sundquist, p. 32) (Surname) 3 This amendment was adopted on December 18 of the same year and completely abolished slavery. The US has indeed gone a long way towards the concept of equality which they fought for a tremendous amount of time. The seemed-to-be never-ending battle over slavery officially ended in the reign of the Former President Lincoln. The Thirteenth Amendment was followed by the Fourteenth Amendment in 1868 which stated that â€Å"All persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or prop erty, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.† (Sottiaux, p. 117) Two years after, the Fifteenth Amendment was adopte

Construction Engineering Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Construction Engineering - Assignment Example When the constructed facility is offered proper management and maintenance, the facility may last 100 years or more; the facility is also capable of serving different functions within the specified time. The actual lifetime of a property is dependent on a number of factors, including the quality of design, the durability of the materials used for the construction, the quality of the facility and the technology used (Edwards, Bartlett and Dickie 2-7). Other factors determining the lifetime of the facility include the local climate and the location, extent of use and the damage caused by human errors and natural disasters. The components of a project’s life cycle include the initiation phase, which entails the determination of the timing and the scope of the given project. The second component is the planning phase, where the detailed planning of the project takes place, and the actions aimed at the completion of the plan are started. The third is the execution phase, where the action items are implemented, and physical deliverables are delivered. The fourth component is the close-out phase, which covers the wrap-up of the project. It entails summarizing the lessons and the successes of the project to the different stakeholders (Edwards, Bartlett & Dickie 2-7). Qn. 2. The problems facing the Canadian construction industry include global climate change. With the increasing focus on the energy consumed, and the carbon dioxide released by different building models. For this reason, industry players are obligated to work hard, towards the renovation or the replacement of the buildings that don’t offer a minimal environmental effect. For instance, achieving carbon neutrality, while at the same time ending up with a considerable return on investment has forced industry experts to promote the reduction of fossil-fuel consumption (Ontario Ministry of Infrastructure). For these different reasons, industry leaders are forced to renovate existing facilities an d to develop new building models. The second challenge is the aging infrastructure, where buildings and other infrastructure like roads need to be changed, redeveloped or renovated, depending on their economic and environmental impact. For example, in some economies, statistics show that traffic congestion costs the economy, more than $67.5 billion a year, through fuel wastage and lost productivity. Further, construction industry leaders faced the challenge of replacing substandard bridges and roads, which are mentioned as factors contributing to highway accidents (Ontario Ministry of Infrastructure). There is the challenge of a shrinking workforce, noting that Canadian statistics show that, as of 2016, there will not be enough people to replace the retiring workforce. This is a challenge, because the reduction in the workforce will reduce the capacity of the industry to deliver the developments, and the changes desired. There is the challenge of a declining productivity of construc tion firms. This is mainly caused by the competitiveness required from industry players, which is forcing some to exit the industry. As compared with the productivity of the non-farm productive areas over the years, which has grown by about 200 percent, the

How Technology Advancement has influenced Computer Ethics Essay Example for Free

How Technology Advancement has influenced Computer Ethics Essay The 21st century has been dubbed †the digital age† because of the monumental achievements witnessed in the Information, Communication and Technology (ICT) fields, which have impacted every aspect of human life. The internet has become one of the most lucrative Information Technology (IT) tool which has made communication and exchange of information faster and efficient. Consequently, it has transformed how people consume information. In spite of its benefits, the internet has led to a severe decline in ethics among internet users (Salman, Saad Ali, 2013). The widespread use of internet has led to increased and sophisticated crimes, terrorism and wars (May, 2004). This essay will be based on a case involving hackers who hold Personal Computers (PC) hostage. It will outline the potential computer ethics issues associated with holding computers hostage. It will also highlight methods that computer users could use to prevent this type of attack. Moreover, it will highlight governmental legislations that could be enacted against this type of attack. Ethics is defined as the principles governing both right and wrong among free humans (free moral agents), whose actions are influenced by their freedom of choice (Soskolne, n.d). Advancement of technology presents both positive and negative impacts to a society. Technological advancements have led to a rapid decline in social and ethical issues regarding to security and privacy of personal information (Shieh Tanthuwanit, 2004). One of the major forms of social ethic violation includes hackers holding personal computers hostage, and hence infringing on both privacy and security of targeted computer users. This in turn compromises information security concerned with the protection of information confidentiality, availability  and integrity (Gordon Loeb, 2002) According to Perlroth (2014), cyber criminals have devised a new mechanism of freezing computers through malwares, and then demanding a steep ransom pay before unlocking them. Perlroth (2014) adds that computer owners throughout the world have fallen victims of this malicious attack, which denies them access to their personal computers and files stored on them. The hackers instead serve them with a â€Å"pop up† message demanding some ransom payment before their computers could be unlocked. Hackers holding computers hostage infringe on personal privacy, and gain access to sensitive information regarding online bank accounts, security passwords and other highly private information (Perlroth, 2014). Security systems and other general-purpose computers are also vulnerable to this kind of attack because, if these hackers can break into users’ accounts even from [GoDaddy] domains to create malicious subdomains through which they send mails to target clients (Perlroth, 2014), then every computer system is vulnerable to such attacks. This means that not only is the privacy of the computer users compromised, but also the security of their data and the general security of their computer systems (The Canadian Press, 2014). In order to prevent hackers from holding computers hostage, computers users should double check their domain names, user accounts or web addresses before responding to any email clicks. In line to this, Perlroth (2014) observes that: Hackers were breaking into GoDaddy users’ accounts with stolen passwords and setting up what is known as a subdomain †¦ hackers would set up the Web address†¦ then send emails to customers †¦ because it appeared to come from a trusted source – was more likely to lure clicks. Likewise also, users should either contact an IT professional to help them remove the ransomware incase infected, or they can wipe their computers clean through formatting them and reinstalling new Operating system as well (Perlroth, 2014). In addition, professional network security personnel should be consulted in order to ensure that passwords, firewalls, authentications and proxy servers among other security utilities are properly set and enhanced to fortify system security (French, 2012) Although the hunting, catching and eventual convicting of these hackers has not yet achieved substantial success (Perlroth, 2014), the government should enact privacy laws that pronounce higher penalty for perpetrators of personal privacy and security infringement so that their benefit is less in value when compared to pending punishment. Some of the active laws that have been enacted to curb this tragedy include the Computer Fraud and Abuse Acts which cover the use of malicious codes including worms, viruses, and other malicious programs intended to alter or damage data in a user’s computer (Title 18 U.S.C Section 1030). Another legislation that could counter this attack is the National Information Infrastructure Protection Act (NIIPA) which criminalizes the transmission of a command, program, or code with malicious intentions [like holding a compute hostage] (Colombell, 2002). In conclusion, when hackers hold computers hostage, they infringe on the personal privacy and security of personal information. During the period when the computers are held hostage, computer users not only risk having their sensitive information accessed and sometimes damaged, but they are also financially exploited in order to have their computers unlocked. Some of the feasible strategies of avoiding this attack include exercising a lot of care regarding the types of sites visited and clicked, and avoiding sending payments to hackers whenever a computer is hacked. Instead seek immediate assistance from a professional who will help you to manually get rid of the ransomware without paying the hackers off. References Colombell, M., R. (2002). The Legislative Response to the Evolution of Computer Viruses. 8 RICH. J.L. TECH. 18. Retrieved from http://jolt.richmond.edu/v8i3/article18.html French, A., M. (2012). A Case Study on E-Banking Security – When Security Becomes Too Sophisticated for the User to Access Their Information. Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce, 17(2). Gordon, L., Loeb, M. (2002). The Economics of Information Security Investment. ACM Transactions on Information and System Security, 5 (4), 438–457. May, M. (2004). Federal Computer Crime Laws. SANS Institute. Retrieved from http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/legal/federal-computer-crime-laws-1446? Show=federal-computer-crime-laws-1446cat=legal Perlroth, N. (2014, April 22). Hackers holding your PC to ransom. Deccan Herald. Retrieved from http://www.deccanherald.com/content/297460/hackers-holding-your-pc-ransom.html. Salman, A., Saad, S., Ali, M., N. (2013). Dealing with Ethical Issues among Internet Users: Do We Need Legal Enforcement? Asian Social Science, 9(8): 3-8. Shieh, M., Tanthuwanit, K. (2004). Privacy and Security: Internet Hacking and Surveillance. Retrieved from http://www.ethicapublishing.com/CH16.pdf Title 18 U.S.C Section 1030, internet, http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/18/1030.html Soskolne, C., L. (n.d). Workplace Health and Safety Information: Ethical Issues. Retrieved from http://ilocis.org/documents/chpt19e.htm The Canadian Press (2014, April 14). Computer hacking expert says more bad news to come from Heartbleed. Edmonton Journal. Retrieved from

The Legalization of Marijuana for Medical Use :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

The Legalization of Marijuana for Medical Use Picture in your mind a young girl that is almost done with her freshman year of high school. These next few years are supposed to be some of the best years of this girl’s life. But instead of this young girl worrying about what clothes she is going to wear, or how she is going to style her hair, she has to worry about side effects of chemotherapy. Melinda has been diagnosed with Hodskins Lymphoma, a cancer of the lymph nodes, at age fifteen. When all the other fifteen-year-old girls are busy chasing boys and dealing will all the drama that comes with high school Melinda is in the hospital getting blood transfusions because the chemo has depleted her of necessary cells. The chemo that Melinda has transfused into her has many side effects that come with it. The chemo basically kills a person in order to kill the cancer cells. These side effects include nausea, intense pain and a loss of appetite. There is only one drug that exists today that has the potential to cure all of the above side effects, and that is marijuana. This drug is currently illegal, and doctors cannot prescribe it to patients. This issue affects college students because we are the ones that are going to play a role in this debate in the future. Many of us are going to become doctors, FBI agents, or United States Senators. That is why college students need to be informed about this complex issue. We are the ones that are going to be making decisions about this issue later on in our lives. The debate on legalizing marijuana for medical use is not just a simple pro/con debate. It is a very complex issue that has many different approaches to it, and in each of the approaches there are differences of opinion. Three main sides to this debate are the medical approach, government and enforcement approach, and the lawmaker approach. The medical approach consists of doctors that treat cancer patients, and cultural beliefs that since marijuana is illegal it should not be used at all. Some doctors and people of the public believe that marijuana should be used to treat side effects of chemotherapy, and other doctors and people of the public believe that it should not be used as a medicine.

Red Badge of Courage Naturalism

Naturalism in the Red Badge of Courage Naturalism is the belief that nature and fate is a far larger force than man. Another words, no one can control their fate because there are far larger forces than man. There were many examples of naturalism in R B O C. One example was on page 796 in chapter one where the union soldiers were waiting around in camp with absolutely no control over when they were going into battle. The reason this was considered naturalism is because the larger force was the generals and people in charge of the war. The soldiers could not attack the south until told to do so by there commanders. Another example that I found was when the tall soldier (Jim Conklin) dies. One of the reasons his death was so important was because it gave Henry somewhat of an understanding that war is not glorious and people die. Another reason his death was so important is because it basically tells everyone that life is unfair and even if someone such as the tall soldier is the notable soldiers in camp, when it is your time to die, you are going to die. The reason that this is an example of naturalism is because no one except god himself had control over the tall soldier’s death. The final example of naturalism is how nature completely ignores the war and what ever people are doing. In the beginning of the novel, Henry has the perception that war is glorious and will turn him into an instant hero. He had dreamed of dodging bullets, saving people, and doing things that no one else would do which is a highly romanticized version of how war really is. The reason this was thought of as a naturalistic element is because nature doesn’t care about the war, its colors are the exact same color and shades of brown, green, and other nasty colors, opposed to the colors that Henry imagined of royal blues, purples, reds, and gold’s, which hardly ever occur in nature.

Symbolism in the Chrysanthemums

Aliya Grayman Professor Gulliksen English 131 (D8) 24 October 2012 Your Inner Chrysanthemum How many people sit down and think about what symbolizes their lives? A symbol is a person place or thing that suggests something other than its literal meaning. In John Steinbeck’s â€Å"The Chrysanthemums† Elisa Allen lives on a ranch with her husband Henry in Salinas Valley. Henry is off talking to men about the livestock on the ranch while Elisa is tending to her garden. A tinker comes up to their yard and begins to talk to Elisa about his work and all of his travels.He tries to get Elisa to let him work, but she does not feel that she needs any work done. The tinker notices the garden of chrysanthemums, and tells Elisa that he knows a woman that wants to grow them. Elisa develops a short lived attraction to the tinker as she is offering him the flower and giving him careful instructions on taking care of them. Steinbeck uses symbolism throughout this short story. Things such as the wire fence around the garden, the changing of Elisa’s clothing, and the chrysanthemums themselves mean something beyond their literal meaning.Everyone has an item or person that symbolizes their life. Because the title of the short story is â€Å"The Chrysanthemums,† the chrysanthemum is an obvious symbol. Elisa’s beautiful garden of chrysanthemums is very important to the story. They are Important because the chrysanthemums are Elisa, meaning they represent her throughout the story. The chrysanthemums symbolize Elisa’s life. Like her they are unimportant to the men in her life. When the tinker asks her about the flowers Elisa brightens up. When Elisa offers a flower to the tinker, she offers herself as well.When the flowers are rejected it symbolizes society’s rejection to women being anything other than mothers and housekeepers. Both the Elisa and the chrysanthemums seem to be simply decorative, and add little importance to the world. The wire fence surrounding the garden of chrysanthemums shows how Elisa lives her life. Elisa lives a very guarded life. Elisa only tends to the garden inside the fence, never venturing out into the world of work on her ranch. Henry takes care of all of the business deals on the ranch. The fence represents the sheltered life Elisa has been living.The type of fence has significance as well. The wire fence shows that Elisa can look outside of her garden with ease; a wooden fence would keep everything out and in. Steinbeck gives great detail of Elisa’s clothing. In the beginning of the story she is wearing bulky gardening clothes and a man’s hat. After her conversation with the tinker, there is an abundant amount of detail as Elisa is preparing to go out to dinner with her husband. The description of what she chooses to wear shows her masculine persona becoming feminine.The sentence â€Å"When she had dried herself she stood in front of a mirror in her bedroom and looked at her body†(247), shows her new found sexuality. Everything has more than one meaning. When an object is a symbol of something else the meaning becomes much more important. Steinbeck meant for his readers to see the true beauty of a chrysanthemum, and by having them symbolize the main character in the story he did just that. Showing inner beauty and strength gives an inanimate object life. Everything has an inner chrysanthemum.

Levi Strauss Co Essays

Levi Strauss Co Essays Levi Strauss Co Essay Levi Strauss Co Essay Levi Strauss Co. (LSCO) is a privately held clothing company known worldwide for its Levis brand of denim jeans. It was founded in 1853 when Levi Strauss came from Buttenheim, Franconia, (Kingdom of Bavaria) to San Francisco, California to open a west coast branch of his brothers New York dry goods business. Although the company began producing denim overalls in the 1870s, modern jeans were not produced until the 1920s. The company briefly experimented (in the 1970s) with employee ownership and a public stock listing, but remains owned and controlled by descendants and relatives of Levi Strauss four nephews. Organization Levi Strauss Co. is a worldwide corporation organized into three geographic divisions: Levi Strauss Americas (LSA), based in the San Francisco headquarters; Levi Strauss Europe, Middle East and Africa (LSEMA), based in Brussels; and Asia Pacific Division (APD), based in Singapore. The company employs a staff of approximately 10,500 people worldwide, and owns and develops a few brands. Levis, the main brand, was founded in 1873 in San Francisco, specializing in riveted denim jeans and different lines of casual and street fashion. [2] Levis, under the leadership of Jay Walter Haas Sr. Peter Haas Sr. , Paul Glasco and George P. Simpkins Sr. , expanded the firms clothing line by adding new fashions and models, including stone-washed jeans through the acquisition of Great Western Garment Co. (GWG), a Canadian clothing manufacturer. GWG was responsible for the introduction of the modern stone washing technique, still in use by Levi Strauss. Mr. Simpkins is credited with the c ompanys record paced expansion of its manufacturing capacity from fewer than 16 plants to more than 63 plants in the United States from 1964 through 1974. Perhaps most impressive, however, was Levis expansion under Simpkins was accomplished without a single unionized employee as a result of Levis and the Haas families strong stance on human rights and Simpkins use of pay for performance manufacturing at the sewing machine operator level up. As a result, Levis plants were perhaps the highest performing, best organized and cleanest textile facilities of their time. Levis even piped in massive amounts of air conditioning for the comfort of Levis workers into its press plants, which were known in the industry to be notoriously hot. 004 saw a sharp decline of GWG in the face of global outsourcing, so the company was closed and the Edmonton manufacturing plant shut down. [3] The Dockers brand, launched in 1986[4] which is sold largely through department store chains, helped the company grow through the mid-1990s, as denim sales began to fade. Dockers were introduced into Europe in 1993. Levi Strauss attempted to sell the Dockers division in 2004 to relieve part of the companys $2 billion outstanding debt. [5] Launched in 2003, Levi Strauss Signature features jeanswear and casualwear. 6] In November 2007, Levis released a mobile phone in co-operation with ModeLabs. Many of the phones cosmetic attributes are customisable at the point of purchase. [edit] Company Background In 1853, Bavarian immigrant Levi Strauss founded Levi Strauss and Company which is now the world’s largest brand-name apparel marketers with sales in more than a hundred and ten countries. At present, there is no other company with an equivalent international presence in the jeans and casual pants markets. The company’s market-leading apparel products are sold under the brands of Levi’s, Dockers and Levi Strauss Signatures. It was in 1873 when the Levi’s jeans, the world’s first jeans, were born when Levi Strauss and Jacob Davis, a tailor from Nevada, patented the process of putting rivets in pants to make it stronger. The Levi’s trademark is currently one of the most recognized in the world and is registered in more than a hundred and sixty countries. From a company with fifteen salespeople, two plants, and almost no business east of the Mississippi in 1946, the organization grew in thirty years to include a sales force of more than 22,000, with 50 plants and offices in 35 countries. 7] The company took on multi-billion dollar debt in February 1996 to help finance a series of leveraged stock buyouts among family members. Shares in Levi Strauss stock are not publicly traded; the firm is today owned almost entirely by indirect descendants and relatives of Levi Strauss, whose four nephews inherited the San Francisco dry goods firm after their uncles death in 1902. [16] The corporation s bonds are traded publicly, as are shares of the companys Japanese affiliate, Levi Strauss Japan K. K. After more than two decades of family ownership, rumors of a possible public stock offering were floated in the media in July 2007. [23] Values and Vision We are the embodiment of the energy and events of our time, inspiring people from all walks of life with a pioneering spirit. We are the embodiment of the energy and events of our times, inspiring people with a pioneering spirit. We believe that business can drive profits through principles, and that our values as a company and as individuals give us a competitive advantage. Empathy - walking in other people’s shoes? Empathy begins with paying close attention to the world around us. We listen and respond to the needs of our customers, employees and other stakeholders. Originality - being authentic and innovative? The pioneering spirit that started in 1873 with the very first pair of blue jeans still permeates all aspects of our business. Through innovative products and practices, we break the mold. Integrity - doing the right thing ? Integrity means doing right by our employees, brands, company and society as a whole. Ethical conduct and social responsibility characterize our way of doing business. Courage - standing up for what we believe? It takes courage to be great. Courage is the willingness to tell the truth and to challenge hierarchy, accepted practice and conventional wisdom. It means standing by our convictions and acting on our beliefs. Levi Strauss Co. has been innovating since 1873, the year we created the world’s first blue jeans. Throughout its long history it has inspired change in the marketplace, the workplace and the world. Its worldwide leadership team, which includes the CEO and 11 executives, sets the company’s overall direction and is responsible for all major strategic, financial and operational decisions. Its company leaders around the world aspire to create the most innovative and relevant products in the marketplace, while upholding its values of empathy, originality, integrity and courage. Levi Strauss Co. prides itself on growing talent from within, and many of its senior-most leaders have risen through the company ranks over the past two or three decades. But to maintain its lead in the fast-changing fashion industry its leadership team also includes executives who bring leading-edge expertise and new ideas from other consumer companies and other industries.