Napoleon’s Foreign and Domestic Achievements

In 1797, Napoleon Bonaparte became first consul after overthrowing the Directory and establishing the Consultate. He had many achievements for France under educational, financial, administrative, legal and religious reforms. However, these achievements are often exaggerated. Napoleon was indeed the ‘heir† of the revolution as he completed much of the work that the revolution had started, such as the creation of a Civil Code and the reforming of the education system. Despite this, he also destroyed much of the revolution†s work. He ignored and betrayed some of the revolution†s beliefs and much of his achievements were incomplete. Napoleon†s achievements in Europe were mainly for his own purposes – he wanted to enhance his prestige and make France a great nation. He appears to have had little interest in helping the European people. Napoleon, although his main achievements centered on areas such as administration, had other remarkable, although minor, achievements in France. He improved the appearance of French cities such as Paris by building bridges and canals and by planting trees at the sides of roads to protect them from the sun. This aided the beauty of Paris as it is today. Napoleon also reformed the tax system, which meant that no one was tax exempt. One particular achievement, which may rank on the same level of importance as the Napoleonic code, but appears to be often overlooked in textbooks, is Napoleon†s founding of a national education system from primary to university. The focus of his attention was secondary schools, of which he opened more. Higher education also became more available in major cities. Napoleon spent more money on education than anything else during his time in power. However, Napoleon was somewhat inefficient in this achievement. The educational system discriminated against females. Napoleon saw education as being â€Å"not suitable† for girls. Female students were to learn the very basics of education – how to read and write, and also how to do traditional female work such as nursing and embroidering. Pupils had little choice over their career – most were forced into a military career. What is considered to be Napoleon†s most significant achievement for France was his establishment of the ‘Napoleonic Code†. This was the codifying of all France†s civil, commercial and criminal law. This marked a trend to centralize and organize power on a national level. This code was successful as it formed the basis of many European legal systems. This ‘code† was requested in many grievances, which were sent to Louis XVI and was demanded by the revolutionaries†. Thus Napoleon appeared to be truly the â€Å"heir of the revolution† as he had so claimed. The code took into account issues that the revolution had stood for, such as equality before the law and freedom of religion. This Civil code also gave equal inheritance to all offspring should a parent die. Marriage became a civil rather than a religious act. Napoleon stopped a proposal for girls to marry at thirteen and for boys to marry at fifteen. Instead, he increased the marital age to eighteen for girls and twenty for boys. The civil code also permitted divorce. On the other hand, according to John Merriman, this was also an incomplete achievement and did not satisfy everyone. Napoleon went against one of the revolution beliefs – equality for women. A woman†s wage went to her husband and she could also not buy any property without her husband†s or male relatives† permission . Women had to be committed to obedience and fidelity to their husbands. Napoleon further betrayed the opinions of most French people by declaring women were † nothing more than machines for producing children†. He also betrayed the revolution by abolishing titles that the revolutionaries had abolished such as Duke or Prince. Although these titles were not heredity as before, it contrasted the aim of ‘equality† in that people were still different in terms of social class. Prior to the French Revolution, France was bankrupt. Napoleon undertook vast financial reforms upon coming to power. The French currency was stabilized and was the most stable in Europe until after World War 1. In 1802, Napoleon was successful in achieving the balancing of the budget in France. Taxes came from reasonable sources – taxes were raised on alcohol and tobacco. The major financial reform was Napoleon†s establishment of the National Bank of France. This improved France†s ability to finance wars without the worry of inflation, which had been a problem for most French governments after 1789. Nevertheless, there was still a financial crisis in 1810. Military spending accounted for around forty to sixty percent of national expenditure, leading to an increase in taxation A further achievement by Napoleon was his reforming of the administrative system in France. The Consulate inherited the Council of State from the revolution. He improved it†s handling of administration and justice issues in France. He used it to help weaken legislative assemblies and ministries. This reform ensured that Ministers were prevented from acquiring their own authority. Local government was practically abolished and prefects were appointed to carry out administration in each French region. Government chose prefects, Mayors and Ministers. The administrative system was Napoleon†s most permanent legacy in France and survived until very recently. The revolution had started moves towards administrative reform, by abolishing institutions such as the ancient parlements. Napoleon†s role was to complete these reforms. Napoleon also helped to put an end to the conflict with the church, which had existed since the period of the Enlightenment. This is viewed as one of the few achievements which was entirely Napoleon†s – for example, work on the Civil code and the reforming of education had been started by the revolution. In 1801, he signed a concordat with the Catholic Church. Catholicism was recognized as the ‘preferred† religion in France, but others were also tolerated. Napoleon was believed to have had a â€Å"profound insight into the importance of religion for the mass of the people†. Through this move, it can be argued again that Napoleon was indeed the ‘heir† of the revolution as he did not change revolutionary reforms such as holding and selling church property and members of the clergy becoming paid servants of the state. Priests and Bishops had still to be elected and the clergy also had to take oaths of allegiance to the French government. Despite this, there was still some conflict with the church in that it was controlled and supervised by the French government, displeasing the Pope. The government was given the â€Å"power of the police† in all matters concerning religion. Under Napoleon, the French economy also improved. France began to export goods, which had been imported before the French revolution. France†s industries improved with her exports of silk and cotton increasing (2). Under Napoleon, France produced more corn, meat, butter and cheese. However, D. G. Wright claims that French economic progress was in fact â€Å"unspectacular† due to France†s â€Å"lack of industrial and commercial innovation compared to Britain†. Communications was another improvement brought by Napoleon. Three canals three ports and three roads were built. The roads helped carriages to travel through the Alps, which had previously taken longer due to heavy snow. These roads made communications between France, Italy and Switzerland easier. Napoleon also had many achievements for Europe as well as for France. Napoleon replaced the old order with a contemporary, modern regime. In 1810, France†s boundaries were extended beyond her modern boundaries. France was almost constantly at war between 1792 and 1814. These Napoleonic wars were supposed to free oppressed individuals throughout Europe. This was true of the wars with Austria and Prussia. France†s boundaries extended when Napoleon went to war against Austria in Italy in 1801, and succeeded in obtaining the north of Italy back in control. Napoleon†s main achievement in Europe was aiding the unification of the German and Italian states. Defeating Austria in 1805 at Austerlitz, and Prussia in 1806 left him free to rearrange the German territory, which these nations lost as a result. Napoleon reorganized the three hundred German states into thirty-nine states and also developed the Confederation of the Rhine, which consisted of sixteen states. After Napoleon†s defeat at Waterloo in 1815, the forty states remained; therefore Napoleon partly achieved the unification of Germany by breaking down medieval boundaries. Napoleon also restored the Cis-Alpine Republic in 1797 and became its president. In 1805, he called it the Kingdom of Italy. Despite this, H Butterfield argues that Napoleon did not really intend to unite the German and Italian states. He believes that these states were ‘open† to control by a foreign nation and that Napoleon seized this opportunity in his bid to make France greater. When Napoleon was defeated, there was a turning back towards the old order. Many of the achievements and changes that Napoleon gave France and Europe disappeared. The Grand Coalition, consisting of Britain, Austria, Prussia and Russia, restored the old French monarchy, which had been abolished by the French revolution. Napoleon betrayed France when he escaped from his prison on the Isle of Elba. In 1814, the Coalition had treated France lightly – she was allowed to keep her frontiers of 1792 (including the land she won in conquest) and was not required to pay for the cost of war. There had been constant warfare for twenty – five years and the French people appeared to be restless for peace. However, all peace plans ere ruined when Napoleon returned from Elba and started the battle of Waterloo. In the second treaty of Paris (1815), France was treated much more harshly. Her frontiers were restricted to that of 1790 and she had to pay seven hundred million francs – the cost of war. The German Confederation of thirty-nine states remained, but Germany was still divided, ruled by monarchs and still under Austrian presidency. In addition, despite Napoleon†s attempts to give Italy unification, Italy was recognized as no more than a â€Å"geographical expression†. In conclusion, it is clear that Napoleon did have many achievements, especially with legal and administrative reforms, which remained long after his defeat. Napoleon established laws, which covered all of France, not just different regions, and also gave all French children the opportunity for education. Napoleon improved the appearance of France and brought France back form bankruptcy. Nevertheless, he does not appear to have been seriously concerned with the beliefs of the revolution – he had hoped that by getting involved, he would gain promotion. Therefore, he was more concerned with himself than doing anything for France, Europe and their people. This can be proven in this statement given after his victory over Austria in Italy: â€Å"I realized that I was a superior being and conceived the Ambition of performing great things†. Napoleon†s achievements in Germany and Italy were not for the benefit of these nations, as he himself admitted: † If I conquered other kingdoms, I did so in order that France would be the beneficiary† Napoleon went against the French revolution†s belief in freedom of speech. He reduced and suppressed newspapers in France and the newspapers that remained were threatened or bribed in to supporting him. It has been claimed that â€Å"his genius owes more to propaganda than to deeds†. Napoleon did wish to continue revolutionary reforms. Although it can be argued that he did not continue all of its aims, this was because many of the revolution†s goals and believes were impractical: â€Å"we must see what was real and politically possible in it†s principles, instead of grasping at their speculative and hypothetical side. After 1815,France lost all of the territory she had acquired in the Napoleonic wars. The monarchy was restored in France and Germany and Italy were still not united. Therefore, Many of Napoleon†s achievements did not last. Napoleon was the ‘heir† of the revolution but his achievements are exaggerated because the revolution had already done much of his work for him: â€Å"†¦ he found the work already three-quarters done for him†.

Having good manners is important to everyone Essay

The subject of my presentation is Having good manners is important to everyone especially in today’s society. It should not matter whether a person is at home, work, or just hanging out with friends; manners are always important in all that a person does. Your manners are important all of the time. It is possible to manners in the way a person walks, talks. However sometimes good manners are regarded as old-fashioned, something that are now out of date and unnecessary. It is true that opening doors for each other, waiting our turn to be served, often seems to be a thing of the past. Good manners provide a moment in time where someone stops and considers our needs, offers us a seat, asks us politely for something with a ‘please’ and says ‘thank you’ afterwards. These niceties may only take a second, but they are an important second in our busy world of rushing around, solely thinking of ourselves and what we need to do. Those moments can make us stop and consider the importance of noticing the other person, the waitress, the sales person. Do we really need to bark out our orders, demands? How much more pleasant would it be for all concerned if we asked for something politely, with a ‘please’ at the end of the request. And acknowledged receipt of it with a smile and a ‘thank you’. Road rage is evidence of extreme bad manners, which usually involves one person driving inconsiderately. Good manners are about appreciating that life is not all about us and what we want. Our needs have to be negotiated along with everyone else’. Now I would like to tell you the examples of the importance of good manners. First, Thank you letters are important. Whether someone has sent a gift or entertained you at their home, it is important to acknowledge their effort and thoughtfulness. They have done something special for you and a handwritten note or letter shows that you are prepared to respond and take the time to value what they have done and thank them for it. Writing a thank you letter is an important skill to learn. Constructing an effective letter, with good grammar and an important message is a valuable skill to have, and one that is rarely taught in these days of rapid texting and instant messaging. Next, saying ‘please’ and ‘thank you’ to the people we deal  with when we want or need something is basic good manners. And ‘excuse me’ if we sneeze or cough, covering our mouth with a tissue. Holding the door open for someone else, offering an elderly person or a pregnant lady a seat are good manners but they are also demonstrating respect, empathy and consideration for the other person. A simple gesture like that can improve the mood and quality of someones’ day. But it is important to be respectful back and return the compliment with a simple thank you or a smile. Good manners are a two-way exchange. Even if we do not respect the person sometimes good manners are about respecting their position or status and what that represents. We may respect the fact that someone is a manager or a school teacher or highly educated and when they are in that role we moderate our behavior towards them and give them respect out of deference for their position.

A Study Of The Flawed Competition Market Of Skechers Sdn. Bhd

A Study Of The Flawed Competition Market Of Skechers Sdn. Bhd Imperfect competition market is a market where there are one or several vendors who dominate the market or prices, as well as few buyers dominates a market or prices. Imperfect competition does not followed some rules of of perfect competition. When dealing with imperfect competition the equilibrium price can be influenced by the actions of agents. In imperfect competition the price of goods can increase above their marginal cost and thus have customers decrease their level of purchase, and so reach inefficient levels of production. The existence of the various parties that dominate the market or the price of goods and services will produce diversity forms of imperfectly competitive market. In general, the types or forms of imperfect competition markets is monopoly market, olygopoly market, monopolistic market, monopsony market, and oligopsony market. Skechers Sdn. Bhd is the type of imperfect competition. Skechers Sdn. Bhd is company that offers a high-performance footwear brand. They designs, developes and market more than 3000 styles who are design for men, women, and kids. The company sells its footwear in department, speciality and independent stores, as well as more than 1100 company-owned Skechers retail stores as well as online bussiness at skechers.com.the company’s success stems from it’s high quality, diversified, and affordable product line that meets consumers variuos lifestyle needs. Based on the investigation that we made Skechers Sdn. Bhd use monopolistic competition to market their product. It refers to that market in which many producers produce goods which are close substitutes of each other. The number of producers is sufficiently large and each one of them produces goods which are similar, but not the same. The term used to describe this is product differentiation. This market we often meet when we visit the supermarket. There we will find a variety of forms, types and brands of similar but not identical. Physicall difference means that the product of one firm is physically different from the other product of other firms. Physicall differentiton is done through differences in materials use, design, colour etc. For example, Skechers, Adidas, and Nike are a footware brand that offers same product in market. Although all shoes have same functions which is to protect feet from injuiry, but every product produced by different manufacturers have the specific cha racteristics of their own product. Skechers use physically differentitiation product to compete with other footwear manufactures this can be proof when they offer a wonderfull design, comfort features, offered with variety of colors , and a low price etc. In a monopolistic market, manufacturers have the ability to influence the price although the effect is not as producers of market monopoly or oligopoly. This ability comes from the nature of the goods produced. Because of the differences and characteristics of the goods, consumers will not easily switch to another brand, and continue to choose the brand even though producers raise prices. For example, the shoe market in Malaysia. A shoe is tend to be homogeneous, but each of it has its own special features. For example Skechers, which has comfort features and attractive design that can be used in various events whether formal or informal. While Adidas has the advantage with their high-quality product. As a result, every brand has loyal customers each. Under monopolistic competition there is freedom of entry and exit. Thus under monopolistik competition it is found that both that features of competition and monopoly are present. For example, there are number of manufactures producing different brands of footwear like Skechers, Adidas, Nike etc. The manufacturer of Skechers has got the monopoly of producing it. Nobody can produce and sell footwear with the name Skechers. But at the same time their faces competition from other manufactures of footwear as their product are close subtitutes of Skechers footwear. Firms under monopolistic competition market incur a considerable expenditures on advertisement and selling cost so as to win over customers. In order to promote sale firms follow definete-methods af competing rivals other than prices. Advertisemet is a prominent example of non-price competition. The advertisment and other selling cost by a firm that change the consumer’s wants for their product and attract more customers. For example, Skechers has appointed a Hong Kong actor and singer, Sammi Cheng as their official spokesperson brand to promote their new product named as Skechers Gorun.According to Sanmi this Skechers new product have attractive design and offers with more bright colors to increase the confidence and spirit of the wearer, this shoes are also equipped with sensor tecnhnology that responds to brain. Users will detect and correct reaction of the positions they run thus making the run more comfortable.

Letter of intent Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Letter of intent - Essay Example These acts motivate me to venture in public administration, so as to participate in streamlining order in the society. I hope to engage actively in forums that formulate policies, which aim at making the society a safe place for humanity to live. My minor in human rights law strengthens my desire to take this course. Having worked in the immigration and refugee board exposed me to the various sentiments that immigrants and refugees experience when they seek help from authorities. Given the universality, and paramount nature of human rights, I hope to influence the governance of such matters, and promote positive experiences among such groups (Mandal, 2007). Public administration relates to serving the public, without discriminating on any individual. Being an African Canadian promotes my impartiality in various areas of life. I intend to serve the public in the best way possible, and ensure that the public gets the services they expect from their government. The aspirations that I have for public administration guarantee my commitment to this course. I shall pursue the course to completion, within the required time of study, as I want to serve my nation as a competent administrator. I shall comply with the course requirements, and ensure that I achieve exceptionally as I am a top performer, given my undergraduate scores. Public administration helps me accomplish my career aspirations. It equips me with the necessary knowledge required to understand how I can contribute positively to society. It also gives me adequate skills that I can use to promote the dignity of humankind. I can assist victims of crime in society by ensuring that criminals face the appropriate consequences for their actions. Additionally, I can participate in the formulation of policies that enhance the livelihoods of humankind. More to this, being in a public administration office shall

Critically Analyzing Fire Investigation Difficulty Essay

Critically Analyzing Fire Investigation Difficulty - Essay Example This might be in relation to any criminal or any civil action. The word forensic is a derivation from the Latin adjective forensic, meaning "before or of the forum." In Romans times, a criminal charge would have meant presenting the case before a certain groups of public individuals in the forum. Both the accused and the accuser would give speeches of their sides of the story. The individual one with the best argument and delivery would have won the case. In modern use, the term "forensics" is closely associated with scientific field that is the word "forensics" is used with "forensic science". Fire Investigation one of the difficult studies Fire investigation also referred at times as the origin and cause investigation study is the examination of fire related incidents. It starts up once the fire is extinguished with the objective of piecing everything together to find out the real causes, bits of fire. Fire investigation is considered to be as one of the most difficult areas of the forensic sciences to practice. (Forensic Science information) However unlike most forensic disciplines, even the usual question of whether a crime has occurred is even not normally obvious. Moreover, the entire process of fire investigation needs to be undertaken just to find out if the case involves arson or not. Here the primarily difficulty of determining arson occurrence (or carrying out appropriate fire investigation) arises due to fire destroying most of the key evidences of its origin. Despite this school of thought, today we see the successful fire investigations being carried out. In the modern world today, forensic scientists have learnt to utilize tiny bits of what remains to find out the origin or the real cause of fire. In short... This paper approves that Forensic Scientists have observed that many people have only limited knowledge of forensic science works and tasks that it performs. It can therefore be concluded that though the fire investigation is perceived by people as one of the difficult area of forensic study but with the use of above methodologies and technologies the investigation becomes easy. As researches have proved the reliability of these methods, they could be used to draw on reliable analysis from any fire debris. This author of the paper talks that fire Investigation mainly refers to the origin and cause investigation of fire it is primarily the analysis of fire related incidents. After fire extinguishers or fire fighters extinguish a fire, an investigation is thereby launched to determine the origin along with the cause of the explosion and fire. Investigations in to such incidents demand a systematic approach and knowledge of fundamentals of fire science. Fire investigation also referred at times as the origin and cause investigation study is the examination of fire related incidents. This report makes a conclusion that this has brought much light in to studies which were often overlooked by Investigators. Identifications of such areas would help more once the arsenal case goes to trial. Once these samples have been gathered from the fire scene, these samples would be rechecked by the canine team before sealing the evidence container, to make sure proper evidence is collected because if only proper evidence is collected then only the result is good.

Project 3 Information System Security Plans Research Paper

Project 3 Information System Security Plans - Research Paper Example Then, with todays rapidly changing political, economic, and importantly technical environment increasing the threat for the federal agencies, it becomes paramount for those agencies to adopt a strong security plan. In that direction, the Information Technology Laboratory (ITL) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has developed guidelines on the ways to formulate and adopt a security plan. â€Å"NIST SP 800-53 contains the management, operational, and technical safeguards or countermeasures prescribed for an information system† (Swanson, Hash & Bowen, 2006). Among the various parts of the NIST’ security plan, the focus will be on the four sections of General Description, System Environment, Laws, regulations, and policies, and finally Security Control Selection. So, when a federal agency like Department of Defense (DoD) adopts a security plan, these four sections can contribute optimally to the process and so the discussion will about why are thes e sections are important and how they can be applied in DoD. All federal agencies or systems including DoD reflect some to extreme level of sensitivity and because of that it requires protection for its physical IS system and its virtual data as part of secured and good management practice. In that direction, DoD adopted a risk-focused security plan and guidelines of NIST in 2014 after dropping its longstanding DoD Information Assurance Certification and Accreditation Process (DIACAP). DoD transitioned to NIST considering its effectiveness, in-depth focus and at the same user-friendly nature. â€Å"The NIST library of security controls (in NIST publication 800-53 Rev. 4), currently in use at most civilian agencies, are much larger and the controls more granular, yet easier to understand and implement, than DIACAP, say those familiar with both methods†

BA3-Inter-Professional Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

BA3-Inter-Professional Studies - Essay Example by members of different professions and/or agencies work together to provide integrated health and/or social care for the benefit of service users†(Barrett et al, 2005). Hence, such an agency collaborate the efforts of different professionals to build a safe zone, shelter and liveable environment for minority groups, underprivileged people or homeless population (due to immigration, family loss, orphanage or any other cause). The cause of such charitable organizations attracts my ethical, moral and social concerns. I personally feel motivated to work with them and make this world a better place to live for those who are not satisfied with their lives for being deprived of the basic human needs. I believe in equality, unbiased environment, equal human rights, needs and wants, grave diversity issues, anti-discrimination and legitimacy of human rights in the light of law and morality. Hence, I am a strong supporter of inter-professional work and agencies. I am going to explain my views about the charitable organizations and their duties and my personal experiences while working with Greater Manchester Immigration Aid Unit (GMIAU) during my placement. This agency, where I am on my placement is an Immigration Legal Aid Unit called GMIAU. I had to work on some cases that were referred to me. During the practical experience, I learned about organizational structure, running mechanisms and issues that arose while conducting the social work. There are many complexities that I observed which relate to equality in providing the charitable services to all the people who deserve them. I am going to discuss organizational structure of GMIAU, its issues related to culture and other issues that were there regarding equality and diversity. I received case referrals from the legal team- caseworkers, senior caseworkers and solicitors. The cases that were referred to me are related to social issues that service users need. The primary role is to empo wer the service user and help

Case study biomedical science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Case study biomedical science - Essay Example He was required to undergo splenectomy and surgical repair to the liver, lungs, and kidneys. A septic shock is defined as a continuum response of human being to infection. It is predominantly caused by gram negative organisms. The most common source of gram negative infection is the genitourinary system, followed by the respiratory system, and lastly, by the biliary system (Schwatz 1994). Plasma sodium concentration is the primary measurement that is available readily to the clinician in evaluating the fluid status of a patient. Under many conditions, it is a reasonable indicator of plasma osmolarity. Although plasma osmolarity is not measured routinely due to sodium and its associated anions that is mainly chloride, it accounts for more than 90% of the solute of extracellular fluid. Hypernatremia is a condition when the plasma sodium concentration is above normal. On the other hand, hyponatremia occurs when the plasma sodium concentration falls below normal level (Guyton and Hall 1996:308). This patient has hyponatremia (plasma sodium concentration of 132mmol/L) that is caused primarily by trauma and volume depletion. In addition, the high amount of potassium in the blood of the patient (6.8mmol/L) is linked significantly with renal dysfunction and haemolytic anaemia. The renal dysfunction could be from severe dehydration and electrolyte imbalance secondary to septic shock. Blood urea is an indicator of renal function. Increased urea concentration exhibited by the patient (10mmol/L) is due to enhanced protein metabolism, a normal reaction of trauma injury, stress, haemorrhage in the gastrointestinal tract, and sepsis (RNCeus 2006). Creatinine clearance is a test that gives an estimation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and is a good indicator of renal function. Increased blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels support the diagnosis of septic shock (Health Diseases 2008). Plasma bilirubin measures

Education and Medicines in Saudi Arabia and the United States Research Paper

Education and Medicines in Saudi Arabia and the United States - Research Paper Example In spite of having various similarities, Saudi Arabia and USA are acutely diverse in various fields. In the field of education, the two countries have a completely different outlook in terms of approach towards education, the rate of literacy, religion followed in school (). Other educational differences include the gender roles, grading scales and stages of education (Stevenson). For instance, attendance is mandatory for primary and secondary level students in the USA, whereas attendance is not mandatory in similar levels in Saudi Arabia (Stevenson). Also, while the USA boasts of a literacy rate of almost 99% for both men and women, Saudi Arabia holds a literacy rate of only 84.7% for men and 70.8% for women (Stevenson). Moreover, the two countries differ grossly in terms of religion followed. Although the majority of the US population follows Christianity, the country is home to the followers of various diverse religions as well. However, Saudi Arabia is a country that strictly fol lows Islam and Muslims dominate society. Also, the two countries exhibit totally uncommon lifestyles (â€Å"The Differences†). People have a conservative mindset in terms of women. Here two women are forbidden to go outside together. Moreover, they have to keep their heads covered in public. On the other hand, USA reveals a liberal and democratic mindset in which both the genders can enjoy equal privileges (â€Å"The Differences†). Strangely, the countries, Saudi Arabia and the United States reveal both similarities and dissimilarities.

How the introduction of a new technology can assist an organisation in Dissertation

How the introduction of a new technology can assist an organisation in achieving its business objectives (Apple Company) - Dissertation Example The organization that will be the centre of the research is Apple Incorporation with focus on their iphone and ipad products. This study is significant in view of the fact that Apple Inc is considered as the leading organization in computing and mobile information innovation (Shi, 2011). Apple Inc is ranked 35 in Fortune 500 of 2011, 21 ranks higher compared with last year (www.fortune.com). The company’s increased in rank is visible manifestation not only of increased revenue, but it is also a show of the company exists expanding market and its capacity in creating new ones. Furthermore, in order to address the topic of the research, a look into the objectives of the Apple Inc., as well as, the company’s performance in the market will be performed. 1.2. Reasons for the Topic Chosen Fast phased developments in technology are an essential attribute of the contemporary period, especially in the business world (Andersen, 2001). The reasons behind why this topic has been chosen are because 1) Integral in the survival of contemporary organizations is it response to the challenges and demands of new technologies (Thomas 1994, p. 235). As such, the research believes that understanding the alignment between objectives and new technologies can further the knowledge necessary in apprehending the business environment of organisations. 2) Apple Inc is considered as one of the most innovative organizations in computer and mobile technology in the world (Voice of the Innovators, 2004). An insight regarding how the company keeps its leadership in technological innovation while pursuing its objectives helps in gaining an understanding regarding how new technologies can help organisations attain its goals. 3) The researcher views the alignment of new technologies and business objectives of the organisation can be considered as a powerful strategy that companies may utilised as they compete in the global market. In this regard, the experience of Apple Inc. affirms this view. Since, the company is not only

The Asch Phenomenon and Consumer Behavior Essay Example for Free

The Asch Phenomenon and Consumer Behavior Essay Imagine yourself sitting in a room with seven of your peers. You are asked a question and given a choice of three different answers: A, B, or C. You know the answer is C, yet every single person before you confidently states that the answer is B. Do you stick with your answer, or eliminate the fear of being wrong and embarrassed in front of your peers and go along with the group? This is the exact dilemma faced by subjects in the famous Asch experiment. The Asch phenomenon can be defined as the effect of a reference group on individual decision making that occurs because of a perceived pressure to conform to the stated opinions of the group members. As consumers, we should recognize the great impact this phenomenon can have on our buying behaviors. While interacting in a group setting, we may make choices that are different from what we would do when alone. Marketers and salespeople may use this idea to their advantage when presenting a product to potential customers. If they can get a few people to voice a positive opinion toward their products, it is likely that others will follow. As consumers, we should be aware of when this idea may be used unethically in order to protect our individual interests. For example, a salesperson may try to sell a product to an audience of potential consumers. However, some people working for the salesperson may be planted in the audience posing as naive consumers in order to influence the purchase behaviors of the other members of the audience. Also, marketers may use individuals’ insecurities to pressure them to go along with the group, even when it is not in a person’s best interest. An ad showing a man being ridiculed for buying a less expensive television set may unethically lead a consumer to think he needs to buy something unaffordable to fit in with his friends. Explanation of the Topic The Asch phenomenon is a concept derived from the findings of a study conducted in 1951. Solomon Asch (1907 1996) originally conducted this experiment to explain conformity to majority-established norms (Moghaddam, 1998). The subjects involved in the study were brought into a room with seven other students (who were all working for Asch and were instructed on what to do) and seated second-to-last around a table. The subjects were told that the experiment was concerned with accuracy and visual perception, and that their task was to choose which of the three bars on the right matched the length of the bar on the left and to give their answers aloud. The confederates in the study were instructed to give incorrect answers 12 out of 18 times in order to see whether or not the subject would go along with the crowd after hearing their incorrect responses (â€Å"Conformity Experiments Asch: Social Pressure†). A Test of Perception [pic] Which line in Exhibit 2 is the same length as the line in Exhibit 1? A series of experiments by Solomon Asch, testing the effects of social pressure on individual perceptions, showed that some people in some situations will go against the evidence of their own senses if the people around them seem to perceive something different. Thirty-seven of the fifty subjects conformed to the majority at least once, and fourteen of them conformed on more than half of the significant trials (â€Å"Conformity†). Overall, 35 percent of the subjects’ responses conformed to the group’s incorrect judgments. This is surprising because the control group achieved near perfect accuracy, showing that the task was not inherently difficult. In addition, when the experiment was duplicated allowing the subjects to write down their own judgments privately after hearing the incorrect responses of the group, conformity was drastically reduced (Baxter). The reasons why subjects gave in to group influence hold important ideas for salespeople and marketers. People conform for two main reasons: because they want to be liked by the group and because they believe the group is better informed than they are (â€Å"Conformity†). In this study, Asch reported that most of the participants yielded to group pressure because they assumed the majority was right and they were wrong, rather than because they wanted to be accepted by the majority (Levine, 1999). This difference is what separates the Asch phenomenon from the concept of peer pressure. Peer pressure tends to operate more in primary groups in which normative and identification group influences are at work, rather than informational group influences. A brief example may explain the differences between these three types of influences. Informational influence is at work when a person thinks, â€Å"I should buy that brand of cereal because my health-conscious friends recommend it as part of a nutritious diet. † Normative influence is at work when a person thinks, â€Å"I should buy that brand of cereal so that my friends think that I am also health-conscious, or so they won’t make fun of me for eating badly. † Finally, a person reacting to identification influence would think, â€Å"I should buy that brand of cereal because I am a member of Weight Watchers, and all of us value that brand. Asch’s findings support more of an informational influence, particularly because the conforming subjects did not even know the other members of the group. They just assumed that the group must know something that they did not know, or decided it was easier and safer to go along with the group. The Asch phenomenon occurs even when there is only a perceived pressure to conform. That is, if members go against the group they will not experience any negative consequences. However, when dealing with peer pressure, often individuals who do not conform are ridiculed, humiliated, or excluded by his/her peers. Looking at the Asch study, you can see that while a significant proportion of people conformed, the majority did not. This suggests that some people may be more susceptible to the phenomenon than others, and that certain situations may create this pressure to conform more than others. There are five determinants of reference group influence. If there is visible usage, high relevance of a product to the group, low individual purchase confidence, strong individual commitment to the group, and it is a non-necessary item, people are much more likely to be influenced by the opinions of the group members (Hawkins, 2004). Imagine shopping by yourself as opposed to shopping with a group of your fashion-conscious friends. You notice a red shirt on the rack, but don’t really care for it. One of your friends later picks up the shirt and says, â€Å"This shirt is absolutely fabulous. † The other members of the group agree, and soon you find yourself agreeing that you also love the shirt. You do this not only because you want to be accepted by the group, but because you assume the others know more about fashion than you do. In addition, if the shirt is a reasonable price and you are looking for something to wear to a party where everyone will be dressed fashionably, the opinions of the group members will affect your purchase decision even more. The Asch phenomenon has been demonstrated in a variety of settings. In one study, 58 percent of college students were persuaded to agree to the statement that â€Å"the right of freedom of speech should be suspended when the Government feels threatened,† even though not one of these subjects held this view privately (Baxter). In another study, students’ perceptions of the nutritional value of a new diet food were influenced by the opinions of other members of a group. When the other students of the group were seen as â€Å"experts,† meaning they claimed to be majoring in and had work experience with nutrition, members changed their initial responses to conform to the group even more (Lascu, 1995). Clearly, this phenomenon should not be ignored when advertising a new product or designing a sales campaign, when potential consumers’ opinions are more likely to be swayed. The technique would be useful when potential consumers see others as having greater expertise about the product than they do. However, a great deal of risk in purchasing may cause a consumer to seek out information himself rather than go off of what others say. Therefore, the Asch phenomenon may work ideally in low-expertise and low-involvement situations. Examples Examples of the Asch phenomenon can be found throughout the media. When members of a group voice their positive opinions about a product, people are more willing to go along with this stated opinion. For example, Ford Motor Company uses the Asch phenomenon to build greater brand loyalty by providing a section on their website dedicated to personal stories with Ford vehicles. By reading all of the positive stories about Ford cars and trucks, consumers may also feel pressure to think the same way about Fords. Another example of the influence group members may have on individual purchasing decisions comes from the use of infomercials in which a product is displayed to a group of potential customers. At first, the consumers are skeptical that a product could be so easy to use, so convenient, or so inexpensive. However, a consumer is instructed to use a product, is impressed by the product, and says, â€Å"Wow, I really can feel my legs and abs getting stronger† or â€Å"Wow, this vegetable chopper really does make it easy. † Soon after, other members of the group are going along with the stated opinions of the original users, and people at home begin to agree with the group too, possibly to the point of purchasing the product. Specific companies using this technique include Ronco, Body by Jake, and Tae-bo. Pampered Chef kitchen shows work in a similar way, and depend on stated opinions of kitchen experts and groups of friends. As the host displays and uses a variety of kitchen products, showing how helpful, easy, and fun to use they are, other members of the group may try them out and voice similar opinions. A person who may not have otherwise been excited by a cooking stone or apple corer/peeler/slicer soon finds these products as amazing as the other members of the group, and has ordered them without giving a second thought as to when she will actually use them. People often find it very difficult to go against the positive opinions of movie critics and reviewers. When showing commercials for films, the previews include such statements as â€Å"The funniest movie of the year,† â€Å"Absolutely phenomenal† or â€Å"The best drama since (fill in the blank). † Claims such as these, especially from credible critics and publications, are difficult to disagree with and tend to sway people to go see the movie. For example, a person sees a movie on opening day before it is heavily advertised. This person thinks the movie is ok, but does not recommend it to any friends or family to see. However, after watching several ads on television in which positive claims are made about the movie, the person may change his/her opinion to go along with these claims. Suddenly, the movie seems better, and the individual finds him/herself agreeing with the critics and recommending the movie to others. This may be because he/she does not want to be the only one who thinks differently, or because the critics have greater expertise on movies.

Criticisms in “In the Penal Colony” Essay Example for Free

Criticisms in â€Å"In the Penal Colony† Essay The antediluvian apparatus and ancient legal system in Kafka’s â€Å"In the Penal Colony† describes the current state of humanity in the colonial era.   Through the use, along with the circumstances surrounding the machine, Kafka portrays slavery and colonialism in the world and the consequences of failing to abolish such ways. The people of the colony are represented by â€Å"the Soldier†, â€Å"the Officer†, â€Å"the Explorer†, â€Å"the Condemned man†, and â€Å"the Commandant†.   By giving them these names, Kafka has essentially dehumanized them much like those who have been condemned to working in penal colonies; they only have functions, not names.    The harsh bureaucratic ways of the colony can be seen through the punishments handed out as told by the Officer who is: much more interested in the technicalities of the execution than the niceties of legal procedure. The actual execution is to be carried out by a complex apparatus designed by the former Commandant of the penal colony and maintained by the Officer. The machine tortures the condemned man in a process that brutally mimics and transforms the sexual act. The condemned man is strapped naked onto something akin to a bed and the top part of the apparatus, a set of knife-like needles, automatically descends, piercing his body and excreting a fluid that inscribes the sentence upon his flesh. For the first six hours of the writing process, the condemned man suffers only pain (149) but as the needles pierce his internal organs more deeply, he achieves a form of enlightenment that culminates in death. (Kohn 5) The way in which the punishment is filtered through the legal system of the penal colony is also rather questionable.   The Officer says, â€Å"I have been appointed judge in this penal colony†(145) and uses his principle of: Guilt is never to be doubted.   Other courts cannot follow that principle, for they consist of several opinions and have higher courts to scrutinize them.   That is not the case here, or at least, it was not the case in the former Commandant’s time.†(145) to rule over his judgments.   For the condemned man, he has no chance to defend himself and prove his innocence by virtue of the system in place.   They are always going to be found guilty for the sake of being guilty so they can have an execution take place and bring some kind of grotesque excitement where, â€Å"hundreds of spectators—all of them standing on tiptoe†(153) could bear witness to them. Aside from the archaic methods of criminal procedures, Kafka also presents the reliance on antiquated technology through this work in the presentation of execution machine to portray the costs associated with running a penal colony for slave labor during his time.   We first get a glimpse of the harsh realities of the machine and the cost to upkeep it when the soldier breaks the wrist strap and the Officer says, â€Å"This is a very complex machine, it can’t be helped that things are breaking or giving way here and there; but one must not thereby allow oneself to be diverted in one’s general judgment†(151).   He continues saying: the resources for maintaining the machine are now very much reduced.   Under the former Commandant I had free access to a sum of money set aside entirely for this purpose.   There was a store, too, in which spare parts were kept for repairs of all kinds. (151)†¦Now he has taken charge of the machine money himself, and if I send for a new strap they ask for the broken old strap as evidence, and the new strap takes ten days to appear and then is of shoddy material and not much good. (151) There was an entire store dedicated solely to maintaining the machine it much like penal colonies were such a hindrance on the economies of the nations that controlled and maintained them. As the story progresses, we can see how the ways of the penal colony are being phased out when we hear the Officer tell the Explorer: there’s no time to lose, an attack of some kind is impending on my function as judge; conferences are already being held in the Commandant’s office from which I am excluded; even your coming here today seems to me a significant move; they are cowards and use you as a screen, you, a stranger.(153) The Officer views the Explorer with a great deal of clout believing he can restore the penal colony to the greatness that it once enjoyed.   However, the Explorer knows the harsh realities of the colony and refuses to play along with Officer to help him bring the colony back to its previous state.   Instead we see the Explorer as, â€Å"a kind of outsider,†(157) a change in attitudes throughout the world looking in on the colony.   The Officer finally realizes that the Explorer is not there to help him restore what once was, and he submits himself to his own machine.   As the machine is inscribing ‘be just’ into his body, it fails due to its complex nature and failing state, much like the failing state of the colony, and kills him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Through close readings of â€Å"In the Penal Colony,† we gain an insight as to what Kafka was trying to accomplish with this work.   His nation, Germany, as well as many others in the world at the time had undertaken colonialism and establishing penal colonies to better their nations.   However, Kafka illustrates the failing nature of these establishments through their rudimentary justice systems and monetary reliance on the host nations economies.   Instead of bettering society through what was being provided by the slave labor, the social order of the world was being torn apart keeping them afloat. Works Cited Kohn, Margaret. Kafkas Critique of Colonialism. Theory Event. 8.3 (2005): 5. Print.

New Technologies for Gas Turbine Blades

New Technologies for Gas Turbine Blades After second world war, gas turbine became an important technology for its application in aerospace and industrial sectors. At the origin materials used for engine construction are greater incisively. When compared to materials used in compressor and gas turbine- blades. But could not endure more than few hours at then relatively modest temperatures and low power settings; then again reliability and thermodynamics efficiency were comparatively low,so it bringing out some accidents stimulating damage to parts and harms to the people In this report, new technologies for increasing the functioning, reliability and emission in gas turbine blades referable improvements materials, are discussed and executed. Introduction: The gas turbine engine is a machine bearing mechanical energy using gaseous fluent. Its an internal combustion engine as though the reciprocating petrol and disel engines with the major deviation that the working fluent through the gas turbine ceaselessly and not intermittent.the uninterrupted flow of the working fluid needs the compression, heat intake, and expansion to take place in distinguish parts. Since that cause a gas turbine consists of various parts work unitedly and contemporized ready to accomplish production of mechanical energy in caution of industrial purpose, or force, when those machines are used for aerospace purposes.[4],[5] C:UsersSenthilDesktopCapture.PNG Components location of typical gas turbine Throughout gas turbine procedure, air is carried from the atmosphere and is absorbed by the first row of compressor blades. From time to time the working liquid receives mechanical energy from the compressor getting that pressure and temperature increase rapidly. In this special moment ,air accepts proper condition to be send combustion chamber; parts responsible for mixing the incoming air with fuel, producing combustion and high temperature -flue-gases with temperature adequate to 1400 °-1500 °C.the accomplishment of that high window temperature intends that material and design of those components requires special branch; ascribable the area settled between combustion chamber exit and the turbine s intake is considered as the most reasonable and ambitious desire for gas turbine technology.[4],[5] Temperature and pressure profile in gas turbine While flue gases have down from the combustion chamber , they driven to the turbine rows; parts responsible for distilling power from gases in form of mechanical-rotational energy, which drive the compressor and developing extra energy to drive system or generating force. Afterwards, flue gases are freed to the atmosphere through the existing nozzle and its having a temperature about 550 °C.[5] Operating conditions for turbine blades: In gas turbine manufacture, the blade of the high pressure turbine has recede the highest care of the research workers since the challenge it provides. The power to run at growingly high gas temperatures has resulted from a combining of material improvements and the growth of more advanced arrangements for inner and outer cooling system; for example at present high pressure turbine blades experience compressed air bled from the compressor and its came in to the turbine blades although little holes drilled on them, with the aim to establish a covering layer on the border of the blades and assured that hot flue gases fired directly.[4] High pressure turbine blades with internal cooling Material used in gas turbine blades: Advanced gas turbine have the most modern and convoluted technology in all faces; construction materials are not the exclusion referable their extreme operating conditions. Because it has been noted before, the most hard and challenging point is the one settled at the turbine inlet, because, there are various difficulties related to it; like utmost temperature (1400 °C-1500 °C),high pressure, high rotational speed, vibration, small circulation area, and so forth. The aforesaid hasten features produces effects on the blades that are demonstrated on the table.[2] Table shows asperity of the several surface-related problems for gas turbine application Ready to overcome those barriers, gas turbine blades are made using advanced materials and modern alloys (super alloys) that contains adequate to ten significant alloying elements, only its microstructure is very simple; comprised of rectangular blocks of stone piled in a regular align with narrow circles of cement to hold them together. the material (cement) has been changed since in the past,intermetallic form of titanium employed in it, but now days titanium was replaced by tantalum.[3] This change gave afforded high temperature strength, also improved high resistance. Still, the greatest change has happened in the nickel, where high degree of tungsten and rhenium are present. These elements are very efficient in solution strengthening.[3] After 1950 s the evolution from moulded to conventionally cast to directionally solidified to single crystal turbine blades has conceded a 250 °C rise in allowable metal temperatures. On other side cooling developments have repeated this value in terms of turbine entry gas temperature. An important recent part has come from the alignment of the alloy grain in the single crystal blade, which has appropriated the elastic properties of the material to be controlled very closely. so these properties successively control the natural frequency of the blade[2] If metallurgical development can be tapped by reducing the cooling air quantity this is a potentially important performance foil, as for example the Rolls-Royce engine employs about 5% of compressor air to cool its row of high pressure turbine blades. On other side single crystal alloy, is able to campaign about 35 °Chotter than its precursor. Its seem a small increase, but it has permitted the course intermediate pressure turbine blade to stay uncooled[2] : Capture1.PNG CES GRAPH FOR MATERIAL SELECTION DENSITY VS PRICE Capture mcpvs thermal.PNG FATIGUE STRENGTH VS THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY Capture2.PNG Continuing Development: In the past several decades, thermally deposited ceramic coatings on metallic turbine blades have look turbine engine to operate at higher temperature,and agreeing to the law of thermodynamics, higher efficiencies.[6] Ceramic thermal barrier coating have got improved performance in turbines engines for propulsion and also for power generation. Enforcing a coating of refractory insulation ceramic to metal turbine blades and vanes allows the engine to run at higher temperature as belittling hurtful effects on the metal blades.[1] On going, an advance in high-tech materials is allowing even more opportunities in these areas. By mixing these new materials with a adept understanding of coating engineering precepts and application technologies, coating industries will be able to extend an additional performance improvements in the future. To amend coating performance, various engineering concepts must be believed concerning the quality of the ceramic coating. First, the coating material should be selected so that it is refractory enough to protest the higher temperature at the surface and have a low bulge thermal conductivity to derogate heat transfer to the metallic blade below. in adequate ,the thermal expansion of selected material should nearly match that of the metallic substratum to understate potential stresses.Yttria stabilized Zirconia(YSZ) is the manufacture standard first generation coating material are applying nowadays[1]. However, in second generation coating must have grain and pore structure that will minimize thermal-conduction to the metal-ceramic interaction. A low-density coating is normally made using state-of the-art deposition processes and is splendid of allowing an insulating barrier. The coating should have plenty porosity, hence it cuts the thermal conductivity at the same time it adhering to the metal turbine bond-coat layer. Substantial amount of micro structural engineering in thermal barrier coating is ongoing, example of this reality, is the accessibility of double and triple-layered microstructures for special application.[1],[2],[3] At last, the coating should bind to the turbine blade during operation. Failure of the adhesion(spalling) would suddenly disclose the metallic blade to high temperature, doing austere corrosion , settled creep or melting. In general, a metallic bond coat that shows good adhesion to both the metallic turbine and the ceramic coating is enforced. [4] Creation of thermal barrier coatings: It is also significant that the ceramic coating be homogenously used to the surface of the turbine blade. This is accomplished by either ELECTRON BEAM PHYSICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION (EB-PVD) or ARC PLASAMA SPRAYABLE (APS) powder method. [1] EB-PVD is the process presently advocated for high quality coating. In this proficiency a cylindrical metal bar of the coating, material is vapour with an electron beam, and the vapour uniformly condenses on the surface on the turbine blade. One of the significant advantages of the EB-PVD process is the strain-tolerant coating that is developed. This columnar strain-elastic structure is said to cut down the elastic modulus in the flat of coating to values nearing to zero, thereby raising the lifespan in term of flight hours or cycles of the coating. Early advantages of the EB-PVD ceramic coatings admit fantabulous adherence to both polish and crude surfaces. The final coating is also smooth, requiring no surface finishing. Additionally, the vapour deposition sue could not plug air-cooling holes in turbine blades during deposition. [1], [2], [3] Fig 4 Schematic EBPVD process, the entire fabrication would be under vacuum. Rotation of the electron beam is received by magnetic field vertical to the drawing Fig 5 Schematic microstructure of a thermal barrier coating (TBC)obtained by electron beam physical vapour deposition(EBPVD).the columnar microstructure substantially raises the strain resistance and hence this thermal cycling life. In the APS powder application method, the ceramic material is in the form of a flow powder that is fed in to plasma torch and dispersed molten on to the surface of the metallic substrate. Drops of molten material form†³ splats†³ on the metallic substrate. Sprayed coatings have half the thermal conductivity of the EB-PVD coatings and are hence isolators that are more beneficial. [1],[2],[3] Fig 6 Schematic microstructure of thermal spray coating, it shows only a elite layer of particles The †³splats†³ form a thin plate (lamella) structure of thermal coating of fissures with a non-uniform density and pore size. Fig 7. Schematic microstructure of a thermal barrier coating (TBC) received by air plasma spray (APS). In contrast to EB-PVD coatings, APS coatings need a rough deposition surface for adept adhesion. In addition, thermal sprayed coatings are more prostrate to spalling, cutting the operation lifespan of the coating relative to EB-PVD coatings. Thermal -sprayed parts are also not as reclaimable as part coated by EB-PVD since the wide spalling and extrinsic cracking do the APS coated components to be damaged beyond repair. Still the equipment, movability and lower production cost of APS frequently makes the process more commercially attractive than EB-PVD.[1],[2],[3] Importance of the coating source: In the thermal barrier coating job, is significant to believe the material source (block of metal) associates to the quality of the final coating. For example metal bar for EB-PVD must have a high purity (over 99.5%) and a coherent and uniform density and pore structure. If the ingots are too dumb, they will undergo serious thermal shock when they find electron beam. [4] In a ingot of in homogenous density of porosity, closed porosity may exist. In this case, the release of cornered gas may also do spitting of eruptions. Molten patters, when trapped in the coating, will cause defects and potential failure sites. The optimum density for an EB-PVD barrier coating ingot is usually in the range of 60-70% of theoretical density. If the density is lower than the previously mentioned values, the efficiency of the process is reduced. [4] Arc -plasma spray able powder must have a particle size large sufficiency to flow through the plasma torch but not so prominent that the entire particle is not melted coming out of the plasma gun. Inadequate to the composition, the particle size dispersion and flow ability are major considerations for APS thermal spray powder. [4] While YSZ has been the industry standard first generation coating material, it has a number of retreats that block the improvement of thermal barrier coatings. One trouble is its lack of phase stability at high temperatures. Three commonly formed phases gets out in the zirconia-rich section of the zirconia-yttria binary system: cubic, tetragonal and monolithic. Under operation or making conditions, phase transformations can occur that cause mechanical stress and promote sapling or bond coat failure. In addition, although YSZ has a low thermal conductivity (2.4 W/m K), a refractory ceramic material with a lower thermal conductivity than the YSZ would be suitable. If the coating liberally forms and compactness as in service, the thermal conductivity will slightly increase by thermal shock sensitivity. Hence, materials at least as refractory as YSZ are wanted. It can also be difficult to cope with the thermal expansion of YSZ-comprising coatings to the bond coat layer and the metal subs trate. A great allot of research is currently under way of determine improved materials for thermal barrier coatings. Ready to answer to that requirement, a class of lanthanide zircon ate pyrochlorides(Lnà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Zrà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Oà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢â‚¬ ¡) [1],[4] These materials have lower thermal conductivity than YSZ (1.5-1.8 W/m k), as well as improved phase stability above a broad range of compositions and temperatures. In action they are less liable than YSZ to sintering during operation, hence showing a thermal expansion agree to the bond-coat layer as adept as of better than YSZ. the decreased thermal conductivity of the coating made with these material could admit the turbine to carry at higher temperature and therefore the efficiency should be increased .it could also permit the turbine blade to stay cooler, checking those thermal processes that conduct to coating failure and increasing utile lifespan of the turbine. Fig 8. Micrographs of Laà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Zrà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Oà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢â‚¬ ¡ and YSZ coating 7. Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMCs): Advance increasing in temperature are likely to attain the development of ceramic matrix composites. A number of merely shaped static parts for military and civil applications are in the engine development phase and guide vanes for axial compressors had been produced to demonstrate process potentiality, such proficiencies involve advanced textile handling and chemical vapour infiltration that provide the quality challenge. It will finally appear because the advantages are so high, but it would take much longer to contribute it to an acceptable standard than was anticipated a couple of decades back. [1], [4] Ceramic matrix composites are at cutting edge of advanced material technology since their lightweight, high strength and toughness, high temperature potentialities, and elegant failure under loading. Research work has focused for many years on fibre-reinforced ceramics for this application, as contradicted to monolithic materials, which own enough strength at high temperature but the disable of poor impact resistance. Now commercially available ceramic composites utilize silicon carbide fibres in a ceramic matrix such as silicon carbide or alumina. These materials are able of uncooled operation at temperature up to 1200 °C, hardly outside the capacity of the current best-coated nickel alloy systems. un cooled turbine applications will attain an all oxide ceramic material system, to assure the long-run stableness at the very high temperature in oxidizing atmosphere. An early example of such a system is alumina matrix. To earn the ultimate load carrying capacities at high temperatures, single crystal oxide fibres may be used, giving the opening to operate under temperature of 1400 °C. Higher operating temperatures for gas turbine engines are ceaselessly attempted in order to increase their efficiency. Still operating temperatures increase, the high temperature durability of the components of the engine must correspondingly increase. Substantial advances in high temperatures capacities have been accomplished through preparation of iron, nickel and cobalt-base super alloys. When super alloys have detected broad use for components across gas turbines, options materials have been aimed. Materials holding silicon, particularly those with silicon carbide (SIC) as a matrix material and/or as a reinforcing material are currently being dealt for high temperature applications, such as combustor and some hot section components of gas turbine engines; like combustion chamber, transition duct (which take the combustion products and directs them for the turbine section), the nozzle guide vanes the surrounding cover section and others. CONCLUSION: Gas turbines establish a broad and beneficial choice for power generation used for both, industrial and aerospace applications. This technology calling for better and more reliable materials to use mostly in those section in which temperatures are highly like first row of turbines and combustion chamber. Blades materials for turbine section in gas turbine have encouraged rapidly in last few years. At present, those blades are constructed using special alloys and are protected by some special coats. Those changes are meant to increase the allowed temperature up to 1500 °C without cooling. In this way, overall efficiency increases. Ceramic coating is employed to the surface of the turbine blade using several methods. The most significant ones are ELECTRON BEAM PHYSICAL VAPOUR DEPOSTION (EB-PVD) and ARC PLASMA SPARYABLE (APS) powder method. Like wise the technology aspired to produce better coats, material science is presently working extensile in CERAMIC MATRIX COMPOSITES, organized basically by silicon carbide fibres and special fabrics in order to increase the temperature gap in emplacements specially sensible for gas turbine operation. [1], [2], [3]

Quality and Six Sigma Quality Initiative Essay -- Six Sigma TQM Total

Quality and Six Sigma Quality Initiative Sigma - ï  ³ is most common known as a Greek letter which is used in statistics as a measure of variation, or change. Most of the people, however, don’t know that ï  ³ is not only a symbol but it is also a method of quality. 6ï  ³ Quality (Six Sigma Quality) is a management philosophy which has to lead to better employee performance and therefore completely satisfy the customer. Six Sigma Quality, or in the abbreviation 6SQ was first introduced in 1986, when Dr. Mikel J.Harry tried the first project in the Motorola Company. However, the idea if it is not new. The same, or a very similar concepts are known under different names such as Total Quality Management (TQM) or Zero-Mistake-Production. Nowadays, many companies adopted the Six Sigma Quality Philosophy, among them are General Electric (GE), BMW – car producers in Germany, Navistar or Thermoking. Six Sigma involves all the employees, from the basic ones, to the top management. 6SQ requires not only training, but also the cooperation from the employees. If a company achieves ï  ³ 1, it will have a yield of 31% that means the business operations will be error free in 31%. Sigma on the stage two means error freeness in 69.2%, number 3 - 93.32%. All this seems to be a big improvement, but as we will see later on, it is not enough to work on the level 3, or 4, even though both of them have a very high percentage of error-freeness. Sigma step number 4 in the real numbers means 99.37% error free operations. Most of the companies, which are working under 6SQ are operating somewhere between Sigma 3 and Sigma 4. Sigma 5 means almost perfect result. 99.97% error freeness, and this seems to be a dream for most of the compa... ...es is the common sense. Alone the General Electrics Company (GE) is going to invest $550 M only in the year 1999 for the Six Sigma Program. (Manager Magazine, October 1999). Since GE had 293.000 employees in the year 1998, the cost for each employee comes up to $ 1.706. Since we have to consider that not all the employees are willing to take part on the seminar. Some of the people view that the Six Sigma Quality is forcing people to do lots of seminars on what is the common sense saying. Simply it is sometimes viewed as a pure waste of time, because the participation on these seminars takes a lot of time. The other disadvantages include another stress for the employees who are running the quality program and also for the employees who have to be in the program. Very often the idea is not bad at all, but the employees simply do not have time to complete the tasks.

All Quiet on the Western Front :: essays research papers

All Quiet On the Western Front Born Erich Paul Remark (later changed to Remarque) on June 22, 1898, he grew up in a Roman Catholic family in Osnabruck in the province of Westphalia, Germany--a city in the northwest part of what is now West Germany. He adored his mother, Anna Maria, but was never close to his father, Peter. The First World War effectively shut him off from his sisters, Elfriede and Erna. Peter Remark, descended from a family that fled to Germany after the French Revolution, earned so little as a bookbinder that the family had to move 11 times between 1898 and 1912. The family's poverty drove Remarque as a teenager to earn his own clothes money (giving piano lessons). In November 1916, when Remarque was eighteen and a third-year student at Osnabruck's Lehrerseminar (teachers college), he was drafted for World War I. After basic training at the Westerberg in Osnabruck (the Klosterberg of the book), he was assigned to a reserve battalion, but often given leave to visit his seriously ill mother. In Jun e 1917, he was assigned to a trench unit near the Western Front. He was a calm, self-possessed soldier, and after carrying fellow comrades to safety during battle, he himself was severely injured and was sent to the hospital in Duisburg for much of 1917-1918. He was there when his mother died in September 1917. The war ended before Remarque could return to active service, but even though he had not experienced front-line fighting at its worst, the war had changed his attitudes forever. He had learned to realize the value of each individual life, and had become disillusioned with a patriotism that ignored the individual. To him and many of his companions, civilian careers no longer held any meaning. In 1929, he published All Quiet on the Western Front, a novel about the experiences of common German soldiers during World War I. Remarque stripped the typical romanticism from the war experience in his shocking anti-war novel. The novel instantly became an international success, and also was turned into an Academy Award winning movie. After reading the book, I can’t even fathom what a different lifestyle Remarque led, fighting for survival every day while I find myself watching hours of TV searching for entertainment day after day. One can imagine the intense emotions that Remarque includ ed in his story, seeing as how his first hand experiences have affected him so greatly.

The Tibetan Genocide :: Chinese Tibet Human Race Papers

The Chinese have repeatedly tortured, imprisoned, and murdered Tibetans all for what they claim is national unity. While the oppression of the Tibetan people began in the 1950’s with the invasion of China, it continues just as strongly today. From religious oppression and unfair trials to the torture of nuns and monks, the Chinese abuse even the most reverent aspects of Tibetan culture. Political prisoners, whether they are monks, nuns or lay people, are tortured with utter disregard for human rights. Chinese laws have also been established to eradicate the Tibetan people entirely. Women often must endure forced abortions and sterilization due to Chinese birth policies. Through all of these crimes against humanity, China repeatedly commits acts of genocide as established by the United Nations. A precise definition of genocide was instituted by the General Assembly of the United Nations in 1948. It states that genocide occurs when, â€Å"one group kills members of another group, causes serious bodily or mental harm, inflicts conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction, prevents births within the group, and forcibly transfers children of the group to another group† (Destexhe, 1). Using this definition as a guideline, it is clear that China has not only committed genocide against Tibet in the past, but is continually doing so in contemporary society. China’s policy of political imprisonment is a clear act of genocide. It is used to incite bodily and mental harm and inflict conditions of life calculated to bring about the destruction of the Tibetan people. At times imprisonment even results in death. These crimes are all accomplished under the guise of being legal in Chinese law. A statement made by Amnesty International in 1996 cites these abuses: Torture and ill-treatment remain widespread and systemic in China†¦these violations occur in police stations, detention centers, labor camps, and prisons across the country, sometimes resulting in the death of victims. Many acts which constitute torture or ill-treatment-notably the use of torture to punish, coerce, or intimidate a person-are not offenses under the law. (Kent, 222) Many Tibetans are arrested and put through such treatment with little to no evidence supporting them as criminals. In a sudden â€Å"clampdown† that started in February of 1992, groups of ten Chinese raided Tibetan homes in Lhasa arresting more than 200 people. Those arrested were said to be in possession of â€Å"subversive materials, such as photographs, and tapes or books containing speeches or teachings of the Dalai Lama† (Kumar, 77).

Analysis Rocking-Horse Winner Essay

People in life who are unware of how they affect others, brings out their struggle with ignorance. This ignorance can hit every aspect of their life. In the short story by D. H. Lawrence, â€Å"The Rocking-Horse Winner†, a young boy named Paul encounters a rough lifestyle due to fact that nothing is ever good enough for his dear mother, Hester. He takes the burden on himself, and tries to reclaim everything that his mother desperately longs for. As young as Paul is, he takes a huge responsibility in resolving the financial burden of his family. Paul is a crucial character element to the plot and this relationship between the two helps the story unfold. The relationship between Paul and his mother is very unusual compared to your average mother son connection. Being an innocent child, Paul feels that his mother just doesn’t have the luck in life to be happy. From his point of view he felt that the way to get to happiness for himself and his family was to provide monetary materialistic pleasure. Thus ultimately leading to his epic journey for contentment. Hester, Paul’s mother, doesn’t recognize how much of an influence she is on her son’s life. Even though her actions of bad parenting habits and lack of a self-filter, she doesn’t realize that her outlook on life is critically affecting her child’s livelihood. She has a rare way of seeing things, belief in that luck is what brings you money and that without that it you won’t be prosperous. The reasoning behind this is that Paul is constantly hearing the phrase â€Å"There must be more money†, whispering throughout the house. Between the whispering and his mother, Paul witnessing actions of this sort pretty much corrupt himself by the end. Paul has many interactions between himself and the family gardener named Basset on the topic of horseracing. Basset is a veteran at placing bets on horses and he loves it. Paul and Basset come to be great friends when, Paul finds that he is able to come up with the winner of the upcoming derby. Using this to his advantage, Paul enlists the help of Basset to help himself to start winning money. Uncle Oscar gets word of the betting and wants in on the partnership, which is great because Paul finds Uncle Oscar lucky. These interactions between these three characters help secure Paul with a small fortune. Even though Basset and Uncle Oscar never forced him to come up with the winning horse, there were consequences that could not be foreseen. Paul rode his rocking horse hard and put lots of effort into it, sometimes hours upon the horse. Keeping in mind that the reason he did this  was to please his mother with a monetary gain. Sadly before a big derby, Hester finds Paul thrashing upon his rocking horse, falling off in a heap. He yells out the winning horses name â€Å"Malabar† and becomes unconscious. Paul unknowingly took his life for the sake of his messed up mothers eternity. The setting in this particular short story was fairly stagnant. The majority of the time, the setting was at the family’s house in England. Then, a small segment was at a horse race in which Uncle Oscar took Paul to. Setting was relevant to the character Paul, because it mainly revolved around what he was doing. For example, he is the one that wants to provide for the family, so the story follows him and his journey. An important element to â€Å"The Rocking-Horse Winner† is the relationship between the character and how the plot is patterned. The plot is set up in order of sequence of events, Lawrence wrote to where he could follow the thoughts and actions of Paul through a third person point of view. For instance, Paul realizes he can get money for his financial burdened family through the horse races. So in turn, he starts riding his rocking horse for the major derby’s coming up. The author D.H. Lawrence establishes character to bring out the conflict and resolution into the story. Conflict is brought upon the main character, Paul by his mother relating to the fact that the family does not have enough money for what they desire. Her desire for more financial wealth lies at core of all the conflict that happens in the story itself. Paul is the one that is trying to resolve this issue by using his special power of prediction. This story as a whole is a closed plot. Paul eventually ends up dying at the end with his final hurrah of â€Å"Malabar†, making the story have a definite ending. Personally I am satisfied with the way the story ended. It went out with a bang and it’s nice to not be puzzled on how the story could end that way. I am though interested in how the family would survive without not only Paul but the huge money supply he left the family. Wealth is one thing people can go crazy over. Hester is a great example of how ignorance can ruin someone’s life and even majorly affect other people around. Paul was just doing what he thought was morally correct to help his mother and the family. He did his deed without them knowing and never got any appreciation. This unappreciated hero helped give plot to the story and life to the characters.

Nestle Operations

THE NESTLE STORY Nestle S. A. the present Switzerland based international food group, originally consisted of two companies and two products: Henri Nestle and his baby food in Vevey, and the Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk company and its condensed Milk Company and its condensed milk in Cham, both in Switzerland. In 1866 the Page Brothers form the United States set up a new industry in Cham, making condensed milk from a raw material that was available in abundance in the region. In 1867 Henri Nestle a chemist in Vevey, created a milk and cereal based food for babies.The companies competed vigorously until 1905, when they merged and became the starting point of the present food group.MEANING OF NESTLE: Henri Nestle endowed his company with the symbol derived from his name. His family coat of arms, the nest with a mother bird protecting her young, became the Company's logo and a symbol of the Company's care and attitude to life-long nutrition. The Nestle nest represents the nourishment, security and sense o f family that are so essential to life.BRIEF HISTORY OF NESTLE: 1866 -1905In the 1860s Henri Nestle, a pharmacist, developed a food for babies who were unable to breastfeed. 1905-1918 In 1905 Nestle merged with the Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company. By the early 1900s, the company was operating factories in the United States, Britain, Germany and Spain.. 1918 -1938 . The 1920s saw Nestle's first expansion into new products, with chocolate the Company's second most important activity. 1938 -1944 Nestle felt the effects of World War II immediately. Profits dropped from $20 million in 1938 to $6 million in 1939.Factories were established in developing countries, particularly Latin America. Ironically, the war helped with the introduction of the Company's newest product, Nescafe, which was a staple drink of the US military.. 1944 -1975 In 1947 came the merger with Magi seasonings and soups. Crosse & Blackwell followed in 1950, as did Findus (1963), Libby's (1971) and Stouffer's (1973). Diversification came with a shareholding in L'Oreal in 1974. 1975 -1981 Nestle made its second venture outside the food industry by acquiring Alcon Laboratories Inc.. 1981 -1996Nestle divested a number of businesses1980 / 1984. In 1984, Nestle's improved bottom line allowed the Company to launch a new round of acquisitions, the most important being American food giant Carnation. 1996+ The first half of the 1990s proved to be favorable for Nestle: trade barriers crumbled and world markets developed into more or less integrated trading areas. Since 1996 there have been acquisitions including San Pellegrino (1997), Spillers Pet foods (1998) and Ralston Purina (2002). There were two major acquisitions in North America, both in 2002: in July, Nestle merged its U.S. ice cream business into Dreyer's, and in August, a USD 2. 6bn acquisition was announced of Chef America, Inc NESTLE TODAY Nestle is now the world’s largest food company. It is present on five continents, has an annual turnover 70 billion Swiss francs ,runs 522 factories in 81 countries, 200operating companies, 1basic research center and 20 technological development group and more than 231,000 employees the world over. The Nestle factories are operating in the region of   Africa America Asia Europe OceaniaBeing a company dedicated to food from the beginning, Nestle remains sensitive to culinary and eating habits, and responds to specific nutritional problems, whilst also setting and matching new trends such as growing out-of-home consumption and caring about the well being of its consumers.MISSION STATEMENT Nestle, believe that research can help them make better food so that people live a better life. Good Food is the primary source of Good Health throughout life. Nestle strive to bring consumers foods that are safe, of high quality and provide optimal nutrition to meet physiological needs.In addition to Nutrition, Health and Wellness, Nestle products bring consumers the vital ingredients of tas te and pleasure. As consumers continue to make choices regarding foods and beverages they consume, Nestle helps provide selections for all individual taste and lifestyle preferences. Research is a key part of heritage at Nestle and an essential element of future. There is still much to discover about health, wellness and the role of food in lives, and continue to search for answers to bring consumers Good Food for Good LifeVISION STATEMENTThe Nestle global vision is to be the leading health, wellness, and Nutrition Company in the world.NESTLE BRANDS At Nestle, products are developed keeping consumers, their preferences and health in mind. Millions of consumers the world over trust Nestle products for good reason: when they choose a Nestle product they have the satisfaction of choosing quality, taste, variety, convenience and the good nutrition. With over 140 years of experience and expertise, Nestle take great pride in bringing us a portfolio of health and wellness because happy, he althy consumers are important to Nestle.The ten principles of business operations Nutrition, Health and Wellness Nestle core aim is to enhance the quality of consumers’ lives every day, everywhere by offering tastier and healthier food and beverage choices and encouraging a healthy lifestyle. Nestle express this viatheir corporate proposition Good Food, Good Life. Guided by their commitment to Nutrition, Health and Wellness, they work to increase the nutritional value of their products while also improving taste and enjoyment. Nestle also develop brand communication and information that encourages and empowers onsumers to make informed choices about their diet. Quality assurance and product safety Everywhere in the world, the Nestle name represents a promise to the consumer that the product is safe and of high standard. Nestle commitment is never to compromise on the safety of any product. Their Quality Policy summarizes the essentials of their passion for excellence:to build trust by offering products and services that match consumer expectation and preference;to comply with all internal and external food safety, regulatory and quality requirements.Quality is everybody’s commitment. Nestle continuously challenge theirselves in order to constantly improve and achieve the highest levels of quality. It maintain the same high food safety standards in all countries in which they operate. They ensure the delivery of high quality products through their Quality Management System. Consumer communication Nestle is committed to responsible, reliable consumer communication that empowers consumers to exercise their right to informed choice and promotes healthier diets.They respect consumer privacy. Their core business strategy is built around helping consumers to have a balanced, healthier diet. The Nestle Consumer Communication Principles contain mandatory rules on marketing communication to all consumers, including accurate representation and portrayal of foods in a way that does not encourage over? consumption. In addition, specific principles guide their communication to children including no advertising or marketing activity to children under 6 years of age.Advertising to children from 6 to 12 years is restricted to products that meet predetermined nutritional profiling criteria, including clear limits on energy and healthsensitive ingredients such as sugars, salt, saturated fat and trans fatty acids. Human rights in business activities Nestle fully support the United Nations Global Compact’s (UNGC) guiding principles on human rights and labor and aim to provide an example of good human rights and labor practices throughout nestle business activities.Leadership and personal responsibility Nestle success is based on their people. It treat each other with respect and dignity and expect everyone to promote a sense of personal responsibility. Nestle recruit competent and motivated people who respect their values, provide equal opportunities for their development and advancement, protect their privacy and do not tolerate any form of harassment or discrimination. Nestle Management and Leadership PrinciplesNestle Management and Leadership Principles describe the culture and basic values they expect their employees to uphold, as well as the attributes needed to be successful in management and leadership Safety and health at work Nestle is committed to preventing accidents, injuries and illness related to work, and to protect employees, contractors and others involved along the value chain. Nestle Policy on Safety and Health at Work establishes safety as a non-negotiable priority of their culture.They recognize and require that everyone play an active role in providing a safe and healthy environment, and promote awareness and knowledge of safety and health to employees, contractors and other people related to or impacted by their business activities by setting high standards. Nestle monitor their performance t hrough the Nestle Occupational Safety and Health Management System to assure a safe and healthy life. Supplier and customer relations Nestle require their suppliers, agents, subcontractors and their employees to demonstrate honesty, integrity and fairness, and to adhere to their non-negotiable standards.In the same way, they are committed to their own customers. The Supplier Code includes requirements such as business integrity, sustainable operating and agricultural practices, labor standards, safety, health and environmental . practices. Agriculture and rural development Nestle contribute to improvements in agricultural production, the social and economic status of farmers, rural communities and in production systems to make them more environmentally sustainable.To ensure that their factories obtain raw materials competitively and at required quality and safety specifications Nestle engage in developing sustainable agricultural practices and systems that contribute to long-term pr oduction efficiency, viable incomes for farmers and the transfer of agricultural knowledge to suppliers;Nestle support the application of new technologies and advances in agricultural science, including the opportunities offered by bioscience when their positive effect on food safety, environment, agricultural practices and production efficiency are scientifically confirmed and accepted by consumers. Environmental sustainability Nestle commit themselves to environmentally sustainable business practices.At all stages of the product life cycle they strive to use natural resources efficiently, favor the use of sustainably managed renewable resources, and target zero waste. They invest continuously to improve their environmental performance. Water Nestle is committed to the sustainable use of water and continuous improvement in water management. It recognize that the world faces a growing water challenge and that responsible management of the world’s resources by all water users is an absolute necessity. Water is a particular area of focus for Nestle. The Nestle Commitments on Water set out their priorities nd objectives on responsible water usage. These are to continue their efforts to reduce the amount of water used in their operations, ensure that activities respect local water resources, ensure that the water they discharge into the environment is clean, engage with suppliers to promote water conservation, especially among farmers, and reach out to others on water conservation and access. Nestle is a founding signatory of the United Nations Global Compact CEO Water Mandate. It monitor and improve water efficiency through their water resources management specialists and in their factories with their environmental Nestle specialists n line with the Nestle Environmental Management System. It recognize the right of all people to have access to clean water to meet their basic needs.SWOT ANALYSIS: Strengths: The first and the most important strength of Nestle is the name of company itself. They never compromise on quality. They produce quality products according to the specification of customer. Their system of sale & sale promotion is also one of the strength of Nestle. In the area in which they want to sell the product they hold seminars and shows. In this area they monitor the sale and increase the production.They try to convince ultimate consumer. The milk collection procedure of Nestle is also one of its strength. They collect milk from selected people and check its purity at the location. Then special trucks take it to factory. Where they boil milk at 140 degree centigrade and then cool it. This process is repeated for 3 to 4 times. There milk contains 3. 5% fat, which is recommended internationally. Weaknesses: One of the weakness of nestle is the product range of Nestle. As there product line is very vast, so they cannot give equal attention toward the promotion of each product.We can take the example of candies produced by Nest le, they give absolutely no attention toward promoting them despite the fact that if we consider the trust people have on nestle brand there is a large market for candies, While they are promoting their milk products effectively. The reason behind this discrepancy is that they have limited budget to promote their products. The other weakness of Nestle is that the company has a very limited number of sales staff in the southern Punjab due to which they are losing some market. Opportunities: Nestle can increase their share if they focus on lower middle class.We can take the example of small pack of Every Day tea whitener whose introduction increases the sales of nestle tremendously. The reason for this was that the price of Every Day tea whitener was with in the range of lower middle class. So, Nestle can increase its share by focusing on lower middle class. The other opportunity for Nestle is that if they introduced milk bottle like Candia and sell them directly to the customers they can increase their share. By selling directly to customers means that they provide milk to the people at their doorsteps. Threats:In Pakistan Nestle face threats from lower companies. We can take the example Haleeb and Dairy Queen. The sales of these products have badly affected the sale of Nestle Milk Pack. Haleeb is well promoted than the Nestle Milk Pak. Nestle also face threat from Cadbury, which is multinational company. Cadbury sell candies and chocolates and it affect the sale of Nestle products in the field of candies Research & Development Nestle's research and development centers have two primary objectives: to create new products and manufacturing processes and to improve those that already exist.Along with product quality and safety, the conservation of resources and the preservation of the environment form an integral part of the development criteria for new projects. Research and development encompasses a wide range of environmentally-related activities with emphasis on: ? environmentally sound production techniques and sourcing criteria for agricultural raw materials; ? processing methods that minimize water and energy consumption, as well as waste generation ? packaging designs that reduce total waste and enable environmentally sound disposal options while safeguarding product safety and quality innovative ways to recover by-products and thus generate secondary raw materials and energy. For important product or process innovation and renovation, Nestle's research and development centers prepare an environmental impact study. This covers significant aspects in the product life cycle, from the sourcing of raw materials, through processing, to the packaged consumer product and the end-life of the packaging material. This study is carefully evaluated, in conjunction with detailed information on the potential manufacturing site, to ensure that new projects meet Nestle's environmental standards.Of the 807 million Swiss francs spent in 1998 on Nestle R throughout the Group, a good part went towards enhancing the wholesomeness of our products. Additionally, these expenditures improved our production process, created better packaging, and avoided waste and unwanted residues.R IS MAKING A DIFFERENCE As an example, significant progress has been made in recent years in energy and water intensive blanching and cooking operations. At the end of these processes water must be removed which resulted in wasted energy and raw materials — vegetables or pasta for example.Now water is replaced by steam at low pressure. As a result, water consumption was reduced by 80% and product losses during cooking were more than halved. This means lower costs for energy and for wastewater treatment, while at the same time increasing the product yield by 6%. In another example, extraction residues from the production of chicory-based instant drinks, which were expensive to dispose of, have been turned into a valuable animal feed ingredient. A recent processing improvement for french fries showed product quality can be significantly improved while also saving energy.One conclusion of R is that what is good for the environment is often synonymous with good industrial practice. Preserving Species The disappearance of many species and varieties of animals and plants is a reality. Over the past few years, this issue has attracted increasing recognition and much is being done today to preserve the earth's biological diversity. Industry plays an important role in these efforts since many business sectors depend on nature's diversity for their sustainable success.Nestle, as the world's largest single buyer of coffee and cocoa, lives up to its responsibility by developing the most advanced preservation techniques for many different coffee and cocoa varieties threatened by extinction. In addition, Nestle collaborates with public research institutes to share its experience and makes its results freely available. In the future, Nestle R&D units are determined to build environmental protection into products and processes right from the start. High on the agenda are integrated farming techniques involving minimal use of fertilizers and chemicals, and ecourse to biological pest control methods whenever possible. SUPPLY CHAIN Agricultural Raw Materials In general, Nestle is not directly involved in the production of raw materials. Wherever possible, locally available raw materials are used.They are either obtained directly from producers or purchased through trade channels. Nestle applies the following principles when sourcing raw materials: ? all raw materials must meet both legal and internal quality criteria, including limits on possible environmental contaminants; ? whenever possible, preference is given to raw materials that are produced by environmentally sound farming methods (e. . integrated crop management); and; ? farmers are encouraged to apply sustainable farming methods and, where appropriate, are provided with assistance in crop production and dairy farming.Such assistance includes the provision of recommendations for the conservation of natural resources (soil, water, air, energy, bio-diversity) and techniques for reducing environmental impact. Manufacturing Manufacturing comprises all processes that are necessary to transform perishable raw materials into safe and convenient food products for consumers. Nestle strives to achieve optimal performance in its manufacturing activities, including the nvironmental aspects. As such, the manufacturing practices of the Group: ? respect natural resources by emphasizing the efficient use of raw materials, water and energy; ? ? ? minimize the use of environmentally-hazardous substances; continuously seek improvement in the efficiency of production facilities; and reduce waste generation and emissions as much as possible, consider recycling of waste a priority and dispose of non-recyclable waste in an environmentally sound manner.Regular environ mental assessments of Nestle's manufacturing practices are conducted to: ? ? valuate factory performance; review factory compliance with applicable legislation and Nestle's own standards; ? fully investigate incidents that could affect the environment and take relevant measures; and ? compare results with previous targets and set new improvement objectives. In addition, Nestle exchanges information on environmental protection technology and practices in order to ensure a wide use of best practices. Nestle encourages its contract manufacturers to use environmentally sound manufacturing practices.Environmental Performance of Our Factories Minimizing the environmental impact of our factories has always been a prime onsideration. Therefore, we periodically review environmental performance of the entire Nestle Group. The results are very encouraging: ? ? Nestle has no major environmental problems. Nestle complies with relevant regulations or, in a few exceptional cases, has initiated act ion to do so. ? Measures taken are proactive and often anticipate future regulations. Many times, measures taken to improve the environment also reduce costs. These surveys also allow us to put concrete figures to our efforts: Over the past years, Nestle has invested an average of some 100 million Swiss francs per year in specific measures to protect the environment.This amounts to approximately 3% of total capital expenditure and includes only readily identifiable environmental investments. In addition, substantial amounts were expended as part of regular capital investment projects and factory environmental operating costs. Examples of these additional expenditures include environmental aspects related to factory construction and renovation, environmental training of personnel, and maintenance costs for wastewater treatment facilities.PackagingPackaging serves a major role in our daily lives. It protects food products from spoilage and ensures safety from manufacture through stora ge, distribution and consumption. Packaging may also provide tamper-evidence features. It communicates information, including nutritional information and serving instructions, and provides the convenience demanded by today's consumers. Nestle is committed to reducing the environmental impact of packaging, without jeopardizing the safety, quality or consumer acceptance of its products.It is Nestle's objective to develop safe and wholesome packaged foods using the most efficient and appropriate packaging materials available, while, at the same time, satisfying consumer requirements and expectations. Nestle seeks packaging solutions that: ? ? result in the lowest possible weight and volume of packages; take into account new packaging materials and processes that reduce the impact on the environment; ? avoid the use of substances that can adversely impact the environment during packaging production and disposal; ? ecrease packaging waste at all stages, including package manufacturing, u se and disposal; ? ? increase the use of recycled materials wherever possible; and increase the recyclability and compatibility of its packages with existing packaging waste management schemes. Regular assessments of Nestle's packaging are carried out and action plans are implemented. Nestle supports industrial and governmental efforts to promote integrated waste management that takes into consideration matters such as source reduction, reuse, recycling, composting, energy recovery, and landfill.Nestle encourages suppliers of its packaging materials to adopt sound environmental practices. Packaging Source Reduction Packaging waste is one environmental issue that affects the entire consumer goods industry. However, the gap is wide between reality and perception: While food packaging accounts for less than 1% of total solid waste in most countries, it is highly visible to consumers. Even if the problem of food packaging is small in relation to overall environmental problems, it is nev ertheless an important issue for Nestle. The most direct opportunity to educe the scale of the problem is to use as little material as possible. This is not a recent effort by the food industry. Over the last four decades, between the 1950s and 1990s, the weight of a glass milk bottle has been reduced by 36%, a steel food can by 66%, and an aluminium beer can by 81%. Even though packaging source reduction has always been a consideration, we decided to reinforce these efforts in a more systematic way. The first world-wide environmental packaging survey was completed in 1991 for the Nestle Group and has been repeated annually ever since.The last survey revealed that by the end of 1998, Nestle, without compromising product quality, reduced our use of packaging materials by nearly 150,000 tons compared to 1990. A few recent examples that underline Nestle's efforts: In Australia the Easter Egg Novelty cartons were reduced in size by altering the design to provide support for the egg. The new design resulted in a 31% reduction in use of paper board. In Pakistan the Nestle NIDO package, which consisted of 4 bags in a display box, was replaced by an aluminium stand-up pouch. This resulted in a 39% reduction, or 47 tons, and saves 290,000 Swiss francs per year.In Indonesia the Nestle Dancow 200 and 400g display boxes were reduced in size by 18 and 25%, respectively. This resulted in a waste reduction of 38 tons and saved nearly 100,000 Swiss francs per year. In Columbia the display box for Maggi bouillon tablets was eliminated. This resulted in a reduction of 303 tons of packaging material and represented a savings of over one million Swiss francs per year. While important progress has already been achieved, we strive to continuously identify opportunities for further reduction. Distribution Distribution of products from the factory to the customer involves transport and storage.Efficient management of the distribution system is essential to preserve the safety and qua lity of Nestle's products, to ensure a high level of customer service, and to meet its commitment to environmentally sound business practices. To this end, Nestle: ? selects appropriate transportation modes, with particular attention given to optimum unit loads (pallets), vehicle-capacity utilization, route planning, and consolidation with outside partners, scheduling, and fuel conservation; ? optimises warehouse and distribution center locations and environmentally efficient operational systems; and ? dentifies and implements measures to reduce energy consumption and waste. Nestle encourages its distribution service providers to use environmentally sound practices. Distributing our goods from factory to retail centers consumes some 400 million liters of fuel each year. While we undertake every effort to reduce this, it is useful to put this figure into perspective: the distribution of 10 kg of our products from factories to retail outlets in Europerequires an average of 0. 25 liter s of fuel. To transport the same amount from the supermarket to home, consumers burn, on average, one to two liters of fuel. Efficient Container LoadingImproving transport efficiency benefits the environment, but it also makes economic sense. Seemingly simple measures, such as replacing bulky wooden pallets by thin, carton-type slip-sheets, have the potential to save more than 600 international truck journeys a year in our European operations alone. Optimizing shipping cases to fill transport vehicles without leaving gaps between differently shaped containers, together with optimal route planning, Nestle has already achieved substantial savings. Pioneering Rail Transport In countries with competitive railways, moving goods from road to rail is an effective option to reduce road congestion.For example: ? Vittel has developed a specially adapted block train concept to supply its regional terminals in France. Vittel transports nearly half of its production, or over 930 million bottles per year, by rail. ? Our Swiss, and later the Austrian subsidiary, convinced the railways to offer overnight trains to bring goods from the national distribution centers to terminal stations for local deliveries by road. Marketing Marketing is based on the principle of satisfying consumers' needs. The overall trust of consumers in Nestle's brands and products comes from a quality image that has been continuously strengthened for over 130 years.Nestle strives to increase this trust through its commitment to environmentally sound business practices. For this reason, Nestle: ? opposes short-term, opportunistic â€Å"green marketing† that can mislead the consumer; ? bases environmental claims in advertising, promotional material, labelling, and corporate communications on solid scientific evidence; and ? selects materials and printing methods for merchandising materials such as consumer offers, in-store promotions, display materials, leaflet, and printed materials in light of env ironmental considerations.No â€Å"Green Marketing† Nestle adheres to the Code on Environmental Advertising established by the International Chamber of Commerce. This Code is based on the principle of self- regulation and self-discipline and is intended to assist companies in making responsible use of environmental claims in advertising. Sustainable Development For Nestle, respect for the environment is part of a broader perspective on sustainable development. Nestle has adhered to The Business Charter for Sustainable Development of the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) since its publication in 1991.Measures for environmental protection often trigger beneficial economic and social effects, and vice-versa. Since the Rio Summit in 1992, all of society, be it governments, industry, NGOs or others, have tried to translate the sustainable development concept into reality. As part of this effort, we participate in the work of several organizations dealing with this subject: F or example, we are a founding member of the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) in Geneva, and we contribute actively in the Working Group Sustainable Development in the City of Vevey. Nestle Working with CommunitiesSouth Africa Nestle is supporting several community-based organizations in putting sustainable development into practice. Recently, in South Africa, we have given support to Eco Link and LEAP to finance and help manage programs which clean up the environment and improve hygiene in rural areas. The Eco Link project is aimed at providing assistance through education. People are taught to collect litter such as paper, cardboard and cans, which when put in a trench and covered with a compost can then be used to plant vegetables. The litter provides the necessary drainage and moisture retention.The project has dual advantages: it cleans up the environment and provides fresh vegetables for the family, as well as providing an income when surplus food is g rown. This program is now being presented to school children who are encouraged to grow small gardens at school. In rural areas water supply is a major problem. Women can spend almost 5 hours a day collecting water for the home. In addition, the springs from which they take the water are often used by animals and can be polluted. Nestle is taking part in a project to help villagers establish a supply of clean water near to home.People were taught how to identify sources of underground springs and to channel rain water and store it in reasonably hygienic conditions. The team taught villagers how to construct a tank to catch the rain water using corrugated iron and wire mesh as a â€Å"mould† which is then plastered with a cement, stone and sand mixture. With a wooden cover on top and a tap at the base the villagers have the means to store clean, drinkable water. Information, Communication & Training Nestle provides information on its activities, including those related to the protection of the environment.Within this context, Nestle: ? communicates its environmental efforts, both inside and outside the Company, to build understanding concerning its environmental commitment; ? fosters strong environmental awareness and responsibility among its employees through training programs; and ? shares environmental information with governments, local communities, industry, consumers and other interested stakeholders. We do this through a wide variety of means. For example, our factory environmental surveys involve thousands of people at all levels, from top management to the factory floor.These practical exercises are reinforced by in-house magazines, specialized newsletters, and videos. To help educate the public, Nestle works with organizations that produce films on environmental issues, sponsor re-forestation programs, or create educational materials for the public. These activities are also important to our role in sustainable development. At our international training center in Switzerland, environmental issues are now a regular part of courses attended by Nestle's international executives. These efforts are multiplied by countless training sessions organized by our Group companies.Internal communication and training are a priority for Nestle. As a people-driven company, employees are our most important asset. Thus, we emphasize all measures that help them act in an environmentally responsible manner. Legislation Nestle complies with all laws and regulations which apply to its activities, including those involving the environment. To promote an effective regulatory system with respect to the environment, Nestle: ? participates in legislative and regulatory discussions between international organizations, government representatives, industry, the scientific community, and consumer associations; ? ? supports appropriate voluntary initiatives designed to protect the environment; fosters rational environmental laws and regulations; opposes unjustified prohibitions and other discriminatory measures; and ? favors the harmonizing of environmental laws, regulations and standards in order to eliminate existing and future trade barriers. Nestle Environmental Management System Nestle has made systematic efforts to account for environmental concerns of all its activities.In particular, we have appointed environmental officers, issued policies, conducted environmental surveys, reinforced training efforts, developed environmental communications, and made many innovations in our packaging. To complement and integrate these efforts, we created and implemented Nestle's own Environmental Management System. The Nestle Environmental Management System (NEMS) is an essential corporate management tool that consolidates all organizational and technical measures taken by the Group to achieve environmentally sound business practices.The NEMS objectives include the following: ? to provide a systematic approach that ensures compliance with N estle's environmental policy, applicable legislation and Nestle's operational standards; ? to ensure the continuous improvement of Nestle's environmental performance, for example, through the conservation of natural resources and minimizing waste; ? to achieve compatibility with international voluntary standards on environmental management systems, such as ISO 14001 and the European Union Eco-Management and Audit Scheme; and ? o build mutual trust with consumers, governmental authorities and business partners. The Nestle Environmental Management System is being implemented throughout Nestle's entire operation. We believe NEMS will enhance our global performance and contribute to our competitiveness in the world market. NEMS in Action: Germany First EMAS Registration of a Nestle Factory at Weiding, Germany On December 19, 1995, our factory in Weiding, Germany became the first Nestle factory in Europe to be registered in the European Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS).This means t hat Weiding's environmental management system and public environmental statement have been examined and validated by an external, accredited verifier. Weiding Factory Greatly Reduced Disposed Waste Even Prior to EMAS Employing around 900 people and producing more than 550 high-value products ranging from infant foods to condensed milk to chilled deserts, the Weiding factory is one of largest plants in Germany. The existence of a comprehensive waste management scheme at the factory was of great assistance in developing the new environmental management system.As part of the development of the environmental management system, environmental manuals were prepared both for the factory and Nestle Germany. These manuals provide the foundation of the system setting policies, principles, and management procedures related to the environmental aspects of the operations. In addition, a site-related environmental statement was published that included an â€Å"invitation to dialogue† addres sed to employees, authorities, clients, suppliers, the media, and neighboring communities. The EMAS registration has been successfully repeated in 1998 and complemented with an ISO 14001 ertification. Following Weiding, several other Nestle factories throughout the world have succeeded in obtaining ISO 14001 certification and EMAS registration. NEMS in Action: USA In 1996, the Danville, Virginia, USA factory was the first Nestle US factory to fully implement NEMS – which is based on and consistent with ISO 14001 Danville has shown that good environment is also good business. In the first year of implementing NEMS, the factory reduced solid waste by over 10% resulting in savings of $370,000 and reduced its wastewater impact and concentrations by 8%.These successes were made possible through the dedication of the factory employees and a strong emphasis on training and awareness. The factory implemented an environmental training program as part of the new employee orientation an d the semiannual environmental training for all employees. Waste Reduced Through NEMS NEMS Supports the Environment and Business Cumulative Savings The continuing nature of NEMS has facilitated similar accomplishments annually. To date, factory savings related to NEMS have exceeded $800,000 and solid wastes have been reduced by 41%.NEMS in Action: Philippines Part of NEMS is ensuring a high degree of employee environmental awareness. As an example, Nestle Philippines, in implementation of NEMS, prepared through an interdisciplinary task force, a highly regarded environmental training program. This program is continuously provided to groups of employees and highlights specific issues related to their job functions and protection of the environment. The success of this program is evidenced by the numerous awards received by Nestle Philippines manufacturing facilities.Most notable of these are: ? â€Å"Outstanding Healthy Workplace Award† given by government agencies including t he Department of Health, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, and the Department of Labor and Employment, to the Cabuyao and Lipa Factories in 1998. ? â€Å"Mother Nature Award† given by the Pollution Control Association of the Philippines in 1998. ? â€Å"Anvil Award of Excellence† given by the Public Relations Society of the Philippines for Nestle's efforts in enhancing the environmental awareness of the public. â€Å"Most Environment-Friendly Company† Award given by the Laguna Lake Development Authority to three Nestle factories (Cabuyao, Aurora, and Alabang) in 1996. ? One of the â€Å"Greenest Company† Awards given by the DENR to the Aurora factory in 1996. The water discharge from these facilities is of very high quality. Tilapia, a fresh water fish, often harvested for food, abundantly grows in the clarifying ponds and discharge canals of their treatment facilities. Nestle Pakistan Nestle MilkPak Limited (NESTLE MILKPAK LTD.L) was incor porated in Pakistan under the Companies Ordinance, 1984 & listed on Karachi and Lahore stock exchanges since 1980. Joint venture between Nestle Switzerland and MilkPak Limited came about in 1988. Nestle Pure Life was launched in Pakistan in 1998 REGIONAL SALES OFFICES Nestle has 10 Regional Sales Offices in all over the Pakistan. : Karachi F – 77/1, Block 7,Clifton, KDA Scheme 5,Karachi, Sind, Pakistan Phone: (021) 5833935-6 Fax: (021) 5833937 Hyderabad 178, Block C, Unit 2Latifabad, Hyderabad, Sind, Pakistan Phone: (0221) 860403Fax: (0221) 863202 Sukkur F – 33/5 – CWorkshop RoadSukkur, Sind, Pakistan.Phone: (071) 615946Fax: (071) 615946 Lahore 29-B, Main Gulberg,Lahore, Punjab, PakistanPhone: (042) 5754335-6, 5761484Fax: (042) 515061 Quetta 63 B – D, Chaman Housing Scheme, Opposite Askari Park Quetta, Baluchistan, Pakistan Phone: (081) 834887Fax: (081) 822297 Islamabad 74-W, Yaseen Plaza, 1st Floor, Blue Area, Islamabad, Pakistan Phone: (051) 271874-75,8 24328, 824384, 274376 These offices work under their respective zonal offices Registered & Corporate Office Is in Lahore 308 – Upper Mall, Lahore PABX: 5757082-95 Fax: 5711820 Faisalabad House No. 4-Y-103 Madina Town,Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan Phone: (041)726993Fax: (041) 47438 Gujranwala Plot No: 144-A, First Floor Satellite-Town Market, Gujranwala, Punjab, Pakistan. Phone: (055) 3733415 Fax: (055) 3733415 Peshawar 201, 2nd Floor, City Tower, Jamrud Road, B Block,Peshawar, N. W. F. P. , Pakistan Phone: (091) 840859, 842415Fax: (091)45516 Multan Surij Miani Road, Chungi No. ,Multan, Punjab, Pakistan Phone: (061) 515061Fax: (061) 515061 Quetta 63 B – D, Chaman Housing Scheme, Opposite Askari Park Quetta, Baluchistan, Pakistan Phone: (081) 834887Fax: (081) 822297 Islamabad 74-W, Yaseen Plaza, 1st Floor, Blue Area, Islamabad, Pakistan Phone: (051) 271874-75,824328, 824384, 274376 These offices work under their respective zonal offices Registered & Corporate Office Is in Lahore 308 – Upper Mall, Lahore PABX: 5757082-95 Fax: 5711 SALES ORGANIZATION HIERARCHY Managing Director IAN Donald Sales Director Zafar Hussain Shah Zonal Sales Manager Ammad MalikRegional Sales Manager Abdul Mateen Khan Area Sales Manager 6 ASM Territory Incharge TI 14 Order Booker FACTORIES 250 Nestle has two factories in Pakistan for the production of different food items. One in Sheikhupura near Lahore and other in Kabirwala near Multan Product Design Product design can be defined as the idea generation, concept development, testing and manufacturing or implementation of a physical object or service The Nestle Pure Life water bottles themselves have a shaped design, sort of a hour-glass shape with larger top and bottom with indented waist.The bottom 1/3 of the bottle has ridged lines to help with hold and grip on the bottle There is a bright blue label strip that runs around Unique bottle design, developed by designer’s team, catchy self-adhesive and glossy labe l, and trendy name, give to the product the edge that is needed to be spotted on the shelves INFLUENCES UPON DESIGN ? Service Expected. ? Appearance ? Shipping Costs ? Cost to Manufacture ? consumer preferences Nestle Milkpak Ltd. As a consequence of joint venture arrangement between NestleS. A. of Switzerland and Milkpak Ltd.In 1988, the existing production facility of Milkpak in Sheikhupura became a part of Nestle Milkpak. The Milkpak Sheikhupura factory had commenced operations in1981 as a producer of UHT milk. By 1988, it had expanded its operation and was also producing butter, cream, Desi ghee – all under the brand name of MILKPAK and juice drinks under the brand name FROST. Conscious of the large food market that Pakistan offered, Nestle Milkpak drew up ambitious expansion plans. While re-organizing and re-enforcing the production of existing brands, it lost no time in giving shape to new production lines.The first to come was a milk powder plant, which not only began producing NIDO in 1990but was also critical to the production of several milk-based products in the future. With the installation of the roller dryer in1990, the first such product to come was CERELAC – an internationally recognized brand on infant cereal, followed by LACTOGEN 1 & 2 in 1991. The year 1992 saw the introduction of tea whitener EVERYDAY and milk powder in bulk packing named GLORIA. MILO and NESLAC came under production in 1994 and MILO RTD, In 1995. Local packing of coffee mixes under the name of NESCAFE 3 in 1commenced the same year.In 1996, Nestle Milkpak Ltd. first confectionery plant of POLO Mint was installed and the line of NESTL’E PURE ORANGE JUICE was also added. Packaging of coffee under the brand name NESCAFE CLASSIC was under taken the same year. In 1997 NESTL’E WHEAT and two variants of POLO viz. strawberry and Orange were introduced. 1998 has been, by far, the most outstanding year for Nestle Milkpak. As a result of the timely implemen tation of major expansion plans, involving a substantial capital outlay, no less than 17 products were launched during the year.Significantly, the factory now houses three new flavors of POLO in addition to two flavors of POLO, namely Black current and Strong Mint brought the number of POLO variants to five. A new variant Lemony was added to the range of popular FROST fruit drink flavors and a new 1-liter packing of FROST was introduced. Three flavored milk – Vanilla, Strawberry and Mango, under the brand FRESH & FRUITY, came under production on the new Tetra Filling Machine equipped with the modern â€Å"slim† format. MILO RTD and UHT Cream were also shifted over to this new format.A flexible confectionery line for the manufacture of a wide range of high and low boiled sweets and toffees was commissioned, with TOFFO and two variants of SOOTHERS – Menthol Eucalyptus and Honey Lemon, being the maiden products. Nestle Milkpak also contracted to supply dairy mixes to McDonald’s, for its popular soft serves and milk shakes. And to top it all, the most prestigious project, NESTLE PURE LIFE was also commissioned in December1998. based on the latest water treatment and bottling technology, this marked the entry of Nestle Milkpak in the Pakistan water market.In the past, Indus Fruit Products Ltd. has been co-processing fruit pulping for Nestle Milkpak. In view of the growing needs of fruit pulp for its products as well as for exports, Nestle Milk pak entered into a 5-year lease agreement with the management enables Nestle Milkpak to put in place its own systems to ensure better product quality and capacity utilization. The new cold sauces production line has been established at this plant. ESTABLISHMENT OF NESTLE MILKPAK, KABIRWALA FACTORY In 1986 Milkpak Ltd. acquired the services of Kabirwala Dairy Ltd. For co packing of UHT milk under the brand name MILKPAK.Nestle Milkpak acquired KDL in 1990 as a subsidiary and began installation on a M AGGI NOODLES plant in 1991. this production line became operational in 1992 with two flavors: Chicken and Masala. This second milk powder plant was commissioned in September 1996. the plant produces NIDO, GLORIA and skim milk powder. The UHT line was discontinued in June 1996 and the same year witnessed the launching of the MAGGI YAKHNI linewith 3 flavors: Chicken, Masala and Chatpata. With the merger of this factory with Nestle Milkpak in April 1997,Kabirwala Factory, as it is now called, is a fully owned unit of Nestle Milkpak Ltd.In February 1999 the newly installed evaporator came on stream in Kabirwala Factory, doubling the output of the spray dryer. Alongside, the warehouse capacity at Kabirwala to handle the increased volumes of finished products was proportionately increased. 1999 also saw the installation of a pouch-filling machine, making Kabirwala Factory independent from Sheikhupura . YEAR 1981 1983 1986 UHT Milk Butter Milk Desi Frost PRODUCT NAME Pak Cream Ghee Juice M ilk Pak UHT Milk 1990 Nido Cerelac 1991 Nestum Lectogen 1992 Everyday Gloria Maggis Noodles Tea Whitener 1994 Milo Neslac 1996Nestea Polo Nescafe Classic Maggi Yakhni 1997 Nestle Wheat 1998 Toffo Soothers Nestle Pure Life 1999 Maggi Fruit Butter Skotch Sauces Drops 2001 Nescafe Creamy Flavors Cream milk powder Nestle Milkpak Ltd. Market Leader Nestle Milkpak Ltd. is the market leader in food and beverage industry. They are producing high quality well known brands. There is no such competitor that can compete Nestle Milkpak Ltd . in its total product mix. There are a few local competitors of the company in different product item. These competitors are: Rafhan Rafhan is competing Nestle in infant and follow up cereals.Shezan and Bambino Shezan and Bambino is competing Nestle Milkpak’s local brand â€Å"Frost†. CDL and Adar-e-kisan: These two competitors are competing in milk and milk powder products. In spite of this competition, Nestle Milkpak Ltd. is enjoying about 70- 75% market share in Pakistan. DIVISIONS OF NESTLE MILK PAK ltd. Production Division Quality asst Department Brand wise production departments Marketing Division Customer Relation Department Distribution Department Research & Development Milk Collection Division Agriculture service Department Logistic Department HR Division Personnel departmentFinance Division Treasury department OBJECTIVES OF NESTLE MILKPAK LTD. ? The major objective of the company is to sell high quality, innovative and superior products which satisfy needs and wants of consumers. ? ? Nestle not maximize profit through high market share but use satisfaction of consumer. The health of consumer and employees is at primary priorities ? Nestle provide the pollution free enviroNestle Milkpak ltd. ent and provide the medical facilities ? ? Nestle establish policies, programs and practices to conduct operation in an enviroNestle Milkpak ltd. ntally sound manner. Nestle operate to achieve highest standard of ethical conduc t, which acquire company’s activities and relationship world-wide in each business sector. ? Nestle aim to deal only with reputable suppliers who willing to apply Nestle Quality Standard. ? Nestle has been committed to enviroNestle Milkpak ltd. entally sound business practices throughout the world. EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT NESTLE MILKPAK LTD. The top management of Nestle MilkPak continuously carries on environmental scanning and within the environmental trends.Opportunities & opportunities they carry on required adjustments in their organization to remain variable and to survive in the face of competition. CORE COMPETENCIES Nestle Milk Pak has the following core competencies. WORK FORCE Nestle Milk Pak has a small work force as their most of the operations are automated. They have a very skillful and trained workforce. FACILITIES The NESTLE MILKPAK LTD. ’s facilities i. e. offices stores and plants are very well located and have the requisite capabilities, which is a big c ompetitive advantage for them.SYSTEM AND TECHNOLOGY Nestle Milkpak ltd. is an organization which heavily depends upon new systems and technologies to excel in the market. The organization is well equipped with new developed systems and technologies especially in their operations COMPETITIVE PRIORITIES Following are the competitive priorities of NESTLE MILKPAK LTD.. Consistent quality Development speed Volume flexibility QUALITY Quality is the cone competitive priority of NESTLE MILKPAK LTD.. They take quality in two ways. High performance design and consistent quality. CONSISTENT QUALITYNESTLE MILKPAK LTD. pays special attention for maintaining consistent quality. They have special sort of equipments and process which facilitates in maintaining a consistent quality. So the each and every unit of its product equally satisfies its customers. DEVELOPMENT SPEED As for as develop speed is concerned NESTLE MILKPAK LTD. is the industry leader not only in Pakistan but all over the world. Th ey have a team of very innovative people which consistently focus on the development of new products and to improve the already existing products. VOLUME FLEXIBILITYVolume flexibility is one of the competitive priority of NESTLE MILKPAK LTD.. When the availability of Milk is high in winter season they increase their production as the milk cannot be stored for longer period of time. In season when there is shortage of milk their production rate dropped. So they can adjust their volume of production according to their requirements. FLOW STRATEGY Flow strategy is one of the primary element of operations strategy. Based on competitive priorities a flow strategy is selected. It specifies has the operations system to be organized and handled.For different set of products different flow strategies can be implemented. LINE FLOW STRATEGY NESTLE MILKPAK LTD. has adopted the line flow strategy here the system is organized around the product. In this strategy all products follow linear pattern in facility. NESTLE MILKPAK LTD. has high volume production with highly automated facility and huge capital investment is there and the standardized products they produce. So they follow the line strategy. STRATEGIES BASED ON FLOW Following are the flow based strategies adopted by NESTLE MILKPAK LTD.. MAKE TO STOCK STRATEGY NESTLE MILKPAK LTD. ollows the make to stock strategy. They have high volume production and the demand for their products can be forecasted quite well, there exist repetition of work and a consistent quality is maintained all these priorities lead to make to stock strategy. STANDARDIZED SERVICE STRATEGY The products which are provided by NESTLE MILKPAK LTD. are standardized. Therefore the standardized service strategy also exist in NESTLE MILKPAK LTD. Ltd. They have standardized and consistent quality products. PRODUCTION PROCESS Milk Collection & Reception Storing Standardization De-CreamingCooling Spray drying Evaporation Pasteurization Packing MILK COLLECTION Milk Collection system of Industry is excellent. According to this system the companies’ trucks reach 140000 milkmen and collect milk daily. The milkmen provide milk on contract basis. Prices of milk vary in case of self-collection and contract basis. On milk center price of milks is paid at Rs. 5. 80 per liter at 6% Fats. If the quality of fat is less than required 6% then price will be paid less proportionately. Percentage of FAT in Various Kinds of Milk. Buffalo 6% Fat Cow 3. 5% Goat 3% Sheep 6% Human 3. 5%At milk collection centers, Gerber Test in done for the determination of Fat. Companies are bounded to maintain 3. 5%Fats under pure Food Laws. It is legal requirement throughout the world Milk collection system of Nestle Milk Pak is excellent. According to this system milk is collected from area of about 72,000 km . Village Milk centers Sub centers Main Centers 2273 583 23 On milk centers price of milk is paid according to percentage offers. If the quality of fat is les s than required (6%) than price will be paid accordingly. At milk collection centers, gerber test is performed for determination of fat.In milk collection centers temperature of milk is kept at 4oC. Nestle purchase milk directly few frames, there is no middle man. Collection Areas are in all over Punjab Nestle Milk Pak divide the areas in following Categories: ? ? ? ? Sahiwal, Burewala, Okara etc. Pindi Bhattian, Chaniot, Sarghoda Kabir Wala, Mian Channu, Shorkot, Kahane wal, Kacha KHU Bahawalpur , Bahawalnagar, Chistian, Ahmadpur There are Area collection managers, Milk collection Cocoordinators and Milk Collection Supervisors in each Area for collection of specific amount of Milk in specific time. RECEPTIONFrom milk collection centers milk is collected and delivered to factory daily seal of tankers are properly decided. Receiving capacity of milk is 60,000 liters. At reception following tests are performed before storing milk to assure the quality of milk. 1. Alcohol precipitation test 2- Clot an boiling 3- Fat (5. 8% – 6%) 4- SNF (Solid non fat) (8. 5-8. 9) 5- PH test (6. 8 – 6. 9 Up to reception temp of milk is about 8-10oC, there is no rejection on temperature basis. Trollers are not preferred to stay more than 1. 75 Hrs. in factory so that they can in time collect milk for next day.STORING OF MILK Milk is stored in storage tanks called Silos. The capacity to store milk is 596 tons. There are 5 Silos of100 tons each, 2 Silos of 10 tons each, 1 Silo of 70 tons. Milk can be stored for 36 Hours in Silos. STANDARDIZATION All the animals have different composition of fats in their milk indifferent seasons. Standardize milk according to the recipe milk is given temperature of 72oC for 15 seconds to reduce bacteria’s in milk, this process is called thermization life of milk is increased by this process and in standardization composition of fats and SNF are standardized.DE-CREAMING In this process dirt particles, SNF and cream is separated, m ilk is given temp of 60oC and 60,000 rpm in de-creamer. So that dirt particles cream can be separated. Cream is send to butter section. Dirt is drained after 30 seconds milk is send for further processes. PASTEURIZATION In This Process milk is heated at 92 oC for 5 seconds to remove remaining bacteria’s. Milk powder process activities After pasteurization milk to treated for conversion into powder, following activities are performed to milk: Evaporation a) Low heat treatment Milk is heated at high pressure of 889 milli bar so that it start boiling at about 70 oC . (b)4-effect falling film Milk is evaporated in 4 effect system. Milk is evaporated about 56%, 62%, 67% and 75% after 1st 2nd 3rd and 4th effect respectively. After 3rd effect Homogenization is done which uneven composition of fats and SNF is homogenized Spray drying In this process there are 5 lateral high pressure nozzles which exert high pressure on milk after that there which exert high pressure on milk after tha t there are about 50% water and 50%solids are remained in milk.After this step about 320oC hot air is thrown on milk, it is very quick process in which powder settle in base and moisture evaporate in forms of vapors. Central lecithination Lecithinate is sprayed on powder so that it is converted into highly dissolvable powder. That way Nestle Milk Pak say â€Å" Nido is instant Milk† (easily dissolvable in hot ad cold water). Drying After all these procuress still powder has 5. 5 % moisture in it, Powder is dried through xEgran System to reduce moisture level up to 3. 1% Cooling After drying there is a cooling process, in which powder is cooled before storing.Storing of powder Powder is stored in bins there are 40 bins. Packing Milk is packed in different packing according to the weight required, form tote tilting station from bins. Capacity Capacity is the maximum rate of output for a facility. The operations manager must provide the capacity to meet current and future demand s; otherwise the organization will miss the opportunities for growth & profits. Capacity planning is duty of top management and it is long term . In flush season when milk is abundantly available they utilize capacity 100% as cleaning time is just 4 hours daily and 20 hours for working.Installed capacity in NIDO plant is 560 tons, it produces 4 tons / Hours & in 20 working hrs it can produce 80tons per day. In summer when availability of milk is lower they have their annual shut down (June). They have training session for employees and vacations in that time. There are certain standards for labor utilization. Efficiency of employees is calculated daily. LOCATION Facility location is the process of determining a geographic site for a firm’s operations. Nestle Pack has located one of its factories at KabirwalaREASONS FOR SELECTING THIS LOCATION PROXIMITY TO SUPPLIERS AND RESOURCES This factory has been located in this area because here the supply of milk is more than the requir ement of the local area. This factory location is immensely surrounded by Agricultural farms, villages and small towns. The people o f these areas have their own animals and the feudal of the region have their own live stock farms. So there is abundant milk available. Furthermore, by locating one factor y at Sheikhupura and the other at Kabirwala the Nestl MilkPak can cover the geographic area of milk collection very well, especially the area of whole Punjab.REPUTATION OF THE LOCATION Placing of the factory at Kabirwala is also advantageous in this way that at the current place there was actually the factory in the name of Kabirwala Dairies Ltd. (KDL). So the place has thereputation of having a milk factory. The suppliers of milk are already oriented with this location. PROXIMITY TO NATIONAL HIGHWAY Kabirwala factory is quite closer to National Highways so the transportation of Raw Material and Finished Goods is also easier. In the end we can say that the most important and critical factor for locating the facility at this place is the availability of the milk in this area.SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT Supply Chain |Management seeks to synchronize a firms functions and those of its suppliers to match the flow of materials ,services and information with customer demand. A basic purpose of supply Chain management is to control inventory by managing the flows of materials. TYPES OF INVENTORIES Following types of inventories are kept by Nestle Milkpak Kabirwala: RAW MATERIALS Raw Material inventory of Nestle MilkPak consists of milk. Their Raw Material is kept in Silos . Silos are the big tanks, which are used to store the milk.Inventories of their raw materials cannot be maintained in bulk quality and for a longer period of time. The factory can store the milk up to 596000 liters. They have five silos for storing the milk all have different capacities. The milk can remain there for the period of 36 hours without loosing quality. WORK IN PROCESS INVENTORIES Work in proc ess inventories are not to huge. Whatever they put into production they stop production after its completion if there is no unusual break down. The unpacked goods inventory can be considered as the WIP inventory. The condensed milk is stored in Bins.Bins are the big boxes in which the milk powder is stored before packing it. hen through an automatic plant the milk is packed. The butter is stored in huge tubs. From where that is packed through the automatic. FINISHED GOODS INVENTORY Inventories of packaging material can also be included in WIP inventories. The packing material is purchase externally. The supplier of packing material is packag