How Global Corporations Affect National Economies Essay

The growing size of the Multinational Companies around the world; their global operations and financial practices pose some serious questions about the implementation of best practices that do justice to everyone, including the countries with less developed economies, where many of these corporations operate. Global Corporations may create problems regarding the national balance of accounts. Every company operates globally, to maximize its profits and pay less tax. To gain the optimum advantage, they follow accounting practices that contravene the domestic ones, used within the countries where they operate. For example, corporations charge their own internal transactions and present them as expenditure. This matter has evolved in such a way, that today, global corporations are the winners, and most of the times the countries where they operate are the losers. Multinational Corporations and the Distribution of Income There is an increasing tendency among multinational corporations to transfer their intangible assets to non-domestic associates. These foreign affiliates are created for a unique purpose: to gain a larger share of their profits, by reducing operational costs. Many international businesses transfer their operations like production and services to the countries where the tax rates are lower, compared to their mother country, where the parent company has its headquarters. According to OECD Statistics, that researchers have performed, there is a remarkable growth in the transfer of all these intangible assets from 13 percent to 37 percent in a period of 28 years, from 1983 to 2011. Corporations continuously pursue the policy of getting tax benefits and find different means to get benefited by lower tax rates in the countries where the affiliates are located. They keep their main focus on increasing their profits and showing incomes in the countries where there are lower tax rates applied. They do this by transferring their intangible assets, interposing their operations, producing more in the countries where they pay lower taxes. They also tend to shift their manufacturing units to offshore locations, in low tax and cheap labor countries. They also make changes and make an affiliate into an owner and an owner into an affiliate. Naturally, an affiliate in the low tax country becomes the parent company leading to many structural changes in the entire organization and therefore, influencing business in their host countries. According to authors such as John Dunning, the ultimate result of all these activities reflects in showing a recorded low Gross Domestic Product where the tax rates are high and making the recorded Gross Domestic Product higher in the low tax countries. The raise in the lower tax countries is shown as a relative growth.

Reforestation Is Usually To Regenerate Forests Environmental Sciences Essay

If looked at from a long term point of position, re-afforestation is economically good. One of the most obvious benefits is the supply of timber and wood merchandises in the universe. Almost everyone uses wood in some manner every twenty-four hours, and selling lumber creates a great trade of income. Secondary economic benefits from re-afforestation include occupation creative activity in forest direction and increased belongings revenue enhancements on reforested land. Trees, when they decompose, enrich and add foods to the dirt. This increases dirt birthrate and helps hard currency harvests grow, which is a immense benefit for states that rely on their primary sector.AgainstIf looked at from a short term position, re-afforestation is really expensive and would be difficult to transport out in poorer states, where there is barely any money to carry through basic demands, allow entirely excess money to blow on strategies like re-afforestation. There is less land available for agricul tural growing and human activities.Environmental FactorForTrees provide a natural home ground for other life signifiers, as a place and a nutrient beginning. By the procedure of photosynthesis, trees capture and store C dioxide from the ambiance, assisting to cut down measures of this nursery gas and extenuating the effects of clime alteration. Furthermore, by commanding the flow of surface H2O and cut downing the overflow of dirt, trees can besides assist extenuate the effects of utmost conditions events. This reduces the happening of inundations and mudslides, peculiarly in countries susceptible to catastrophes. Trees can besides cut down the hazard of drouths by retaining H2O in the local environment and chilling local temperatures by shadowing the dirt.AgainstPlanting more trees means there will be less land for human activities. Planting unreal trees may intend a drastic alteration of home grounds for specific sets of animate beings and workss. It takes a really long clip for t he trees to turn and bring forth something utile.Positive ImpactsReforestation is the reestablishment or enlargement of a wood which was antecedently destroyed or degraded. The primary end of re-afforestation is normally to renew woods, with the purpose of reconstructing the environmental and economic benefits they provide, but re-afforestation activities can besides supply a wealth of societal benefits every bit good. Woodland provides ecosystems for wildlife, resources for worlds and even modifies the clime. Replanting trees can assist cut down eroding and alimentary depletion, maintaining countries where rain forests grow fertile and cut downing the likeliness of inundations. Reforestation undertakings may besides guarantee the preservation of home grounds for animate beings and workss. Some types of zoology may be utile for nutrient, to better medical scientific discipline or have other possible advantages for society across the Earth. Benefits of re-afforestation undertakings f or those life in deforested countries include increasing the handiness of clean imbibing H2O, nutrient, fuel and building stuffs, every bit good as offering employment, harmonizing to Eden Reforestation Projects.Negative Impacts- Reforestation undertakings can be expensive, and a batch of work, clip and money would be needed if the universe were to works adequate trees to successfully battle their depletion. Eden Reforestation Projects high spots figures from the World Bank released in 2002, which stated that 15 million hectares of forest demands to be planted every twelvemonth at a cost of 20 cents per tree or more after rising prices. It is really clip devouring. Planting trees and waiting for them to really turn may take old ages together. Reforestation policies may be difficult to implement in some countries of the universe. Reforestation as a Solution- Through photosynthesis, trees remove CO2 from the ambiance, therefore re-afforestation can play an of import function in countervailing C emanations. The United Nations ‘ IPCC estimations re-afforestation could take the C equivalent to about 10 per centum to 20 per centum of projected dodo fuel emanations by 2050. Reforestation is the restocking of bing woods and forests which have been depleted, with native tree stock. The term re-afforestation is like afforestation, the procedure of reconstructing and animating countries of forests or forest that one time existed but were deforested or otherwise removed or destroyed at some point in the yesteryear. The ensuing forest can supply both ecosystem and resource benefits and has the possible to go a major C sink. The construct of woods as C sinks has drawn attending about re-afforestation as a possible tool in the battle against planetary clime alteration. Because trees draw CO2 from the ambiance in the procedure of photosynthesis, they can potentially take this extra nursery gas from the ambiance and assist battle planetary heating.ProblemsThe chief consequence is an increasing planetary mean temperature. This causes a assortment of secondary effects, viz. , alterations in forms of precipitation, lifting sea degrees, altered forms of agribusiness, increased utmost conditions events, the enlargement of the scope of tropical diseases, the gap of new trade paths. As northern states warm, disease transporting insects migrate North, conveying pestilence and disease with them. Indeed some scientists believe that in some states, thanks to planetary heating, malaria had non been to the full eradicated. Global heating is already beef uping heat moving ridges. About every portion of the Causes Carbon overload is a consequence of human activities. When worlds burn fossil fuels, C dioxide is released into the ambiance, where it traps heat. One of the first things scientists learned is that there are several nursery gases responsible for warming, and worlds emit them in a assortment of ways. Most come from the burning of fossil fuels in mills and electricity production. The gas responsible for the most warming is carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) . Other subscribers include methane released from landfills and agribusiness, azotic oxide from fertilisers, gases used for industrial procedures, and the loss of woods that would otherwise shop CO2. The atmospheric concentrations of these nursery gases have significantly increased since the beginning of the industrial revolution. This is chiefly due to human activities, such as the combustion of fossil fuels, land usage alteration, and agribusiness. For case, the atmospheric concentration of C dioxide has been turning faster in the last 10 old ages than it has been since the beginning of uninterrupted measurings around 1960.United States will hold significantly more of 100o late this century. The H2O will go warmer and there will be more hurricanes. The polar ice caps are runing at a high rate. The lifting sea degrees will do more inundations. The trees will dry up and cause wildfires. Desertification will take topographic point. There will be increased volcanic activity. Speciess of alien animate beings will acquire wiped out. All our nutrient and H2O supplies will be diminished.

Caricoo Cuchifrito Caribean Restaurant Assignment

Caricoo Cuchifrito Caribean Restaurant - Assignment Example Having good and quality food in a restaurant is a very essential thing while opening a restaurant. Only good food does not make the business flourish. The attitude of the waiters, management, ambiance, promotions, discounts etc all add into the food businesses nowadays. The effective promotion of the restaurant and change in the attitude of the staff is aimed in this project. Cost, time, scope and quality all play vital role in running the business successfully.The project would be divided and sub divided into different categories which will be discussed later on. It is an individual project. Management requires skills and better understanding of the organization or project’s requirements. It cannot be done unless and until the manager knows how to deal with different people and situations at different times. Successful leadership plays a vital role in the completion of the project. An effective leadership holds on the project and ensures the work is done on time. It deals with a lot of category of people including the staff, the contractors, and the customers and so on. One needs to be clever and should be ready to accept any critique and should be able to face any challenges or changed situation that occurs. The organizational format for the project under consideration is ‘Pure Project’. Performance and team dynamics like personality traits, fluency in a certain technology, organizational culture etc. has a huge impact on the production of deliverables and meeting customers’ expectations. ... Management requires skills and better understanding of the organization or project’s requirements. It cannot be done unless and until the manager knows how to deal with different people and situations at different times. Successful leadership plays a vital role in the completion of the project. An effective leadership holds on the project and ensures the work is done on time. It deals with a lot of category of people including the staff, the contractors, and the customers and so on. One needs to be clever and should be ready to accept any critique and should be able to face any challenges or changed situation that occurs. The organizational format for the project under consideration is ‘Pure Project’. Performance and team dynamics like personality traits, fluency in a certain technology, organizational culture etc. has a huge impact on the production of deliverables and meeting customers’ expectations. 2. Due Week 3 Scope Statement 2.1 Project Scope Stateme nt: Businesses are set up to gain profit. Business has to run in profit and not in loss. Businessmen try to cut off the expenditure on a business so that more money is saved which adds to the total profit. Businessmen never run their business in loss. This project will be a boost to annual profit of the business by attracting more customers with the help of brand recognition, good management and promotion of the business through different ways and mediums. 2.1.1 The project name: The name of the project is â€Å"Caricoo Cuchifrito Caribean Restaurant†. 2.1.2 The project charter: Promotion of the restaurant â€Å"Caricoo Cuchifrito Caribean† is the main aim of the whole project. To achieve the target, certain policies and strategies have been prepared which wil be

A Defence of Heritage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

A Defence of Heritage - Essay Example Conversely a property or estate may also be inherited, and even a title can be inherited: According to wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn. IMPORTANCE OF HERITAGE The whole world is divided into countries. People from all these countries and different ethnic backgrounds have their own story to tell. Everyone has their own past with them which plays a huge role in determining what they are today. Similarly just like the past of all these individuals every country has a past too. A country’s history starts getting written from the very day that it is created. Every decision that is taken after that becomes a part of the history of that country. This history after a few years becomes known as the heritage of that country. The heritage of a country automatically gets attached to its citizens or the people living in it. This Heritage is the representation of the people of their respective countries. Without heritage a country would be nothing but reduced to a mere name. It is this heritage that tells us about the ancestors of the people living in a country. It acts like a silent introduction of the nationals of that country. The heritage of a country determines its true standing in the world. Wherever people go or travel in the world, their names do not remain the true representatives of their identities but instead it’s their nationalities which become the true representative of the identity of individuals once they leave their country. These nationalities wouldn’t mean much if it wasn’t for the rich heritage of their respective countries attached to them. Every country irrespective of its size has a fascinating and rich heritage. The heritage of a country gives away enormous information about the kind of people living there. It is through heritage that countries are known throughout the world. Countries like Britain which have a very rich heritage are well known throughout the world and their citizens respected. Heritage shapes the imag e of a country and its popularity. Hence this lays even more importance on the fact of knowing about the heritage of their country by its citizens or nationals. It is through this knowledge that the citizens of a country can truly feel proud of their country and know of the achievements and potential of their people. Countries that do not honour or care about their heritage and do nothing to preserve it are lost in the pages of history and time just like they lost their heritage and did nothing to protect it: According to Alison Hems, Marion R.Blockley(2006). ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVE A great way of letting people know about the heritage of a country is through tourism. There are many structures and vehicles etc which may be of great historic value and contribute tremendously to the heritage of a country. A country like Great Britain for example has many castles and ships which are of particular value and serve as great assets to the heritage of Britain. These structures or assets not on ly provide the richness of heritage to the country but they are also used as great tourist destinations or spots. This reaps tremendous benefits and advantages to Britain. Firstly, it attracts a large number of tourists every year which bring with them a lot of foreign exchange or currency into the country. Then this also acts as a great industry. The tourism industry provides a lot of jobs to the people of the country and serves as the livelihood or bread and butter of all these individuals and their families. Today when the economic situation is so bad everywhere around the world and there is a financial crunch, jobs are being cut and more and more people are getting unemployed all around the world, a country must stretch all its resources and options to provide employment and jobs to their people so that they can earn their

Comparison of the Role and Powers of the OMB to the CBO Essay

Comparison of the Role and Powers of the OMB to the CBO - Essay Example The conclusions made by CBO are generally not challenged though many scrutinies are done. Therefore, the services of CBO can be categorized into four areas. Firstly is helping the congress formulate a budget plan. Secondly is to help the budget process stay in the plan. Thirdly is to help assess the impact of federal mandates. Finally contributes to consider issues related to economic policy and budget. The office is purely analytical and is not involved in bill writing, conduct audits, enforce budget rules, or implement regulations (Dewhirst & Rausch, 2007). The overlap of CBO and OMB Both OMB and CBO are involved in scoring legislation costs. This includes the appropriation and direct spending included in authorization bills. Budget committees have the responsibility for determining the scoring effects of legislation for enforcement by congress. However, the budget committees rely on CBO estimate during congressional consideration of individual bill so that consistency with the budget resolution is achieved. The President utilizes estimates of OMB to determine the cost of budget-related legislation. OMB explains the differences or reconciles the two sets of discretionary estimates. The difference between OMB and CBO The difference between OMB and CBO lies on their roles and powers. The CBO is a legislative agency that is involved in advising the congress on the general budget matters. The first and foremost agency that is accountable to congress specifically the Budget Committees.

Globalization of the Production Chain Literature review

Globalization of the Production Chain - Literature review Example As the paper outlines, technology has facilitated competence and the most efficient and cheap labor is hired due to globalization. With globalization, computer production has become global and its production is spread to over 40 countries. Dell, Microsoft, IBM etc. are brands known in every part of the world. Globalization has enabled such global brand recognition and brand awareness amongst the customers (Ding and Akhtar 2001, pp.946-65).  Ding and Akhtar (2001), claim that this industry has had revolutionary changes because of globalization and all the giant players have production chains that are spread across major regions of the world. A focus on the market leader Dell reveals the influence globalization has had on the production chain and the human resource.  Dedrick & Kraemer (2002), claim that the personal computer industry shows the impact globalization has had on the business world. However, Dell has shown remarkable growth and is the current market leader when it comes to reaping the advantages of globalization.  Dell has been able to maintain its business model even in the globalizing industry through its smart planning and strategies in line with globalization. Dell made the best use of its resources and has the most efficient supply chain and thus has been able to excel its competitors IBM and Microsoft (Rosenau and Earnest 2004). Hudetz (1998) says that initially, supply chains of the PC industry were vertically integrated and required the firms to undertake the major tasks of product design, structuring, innovation, customer relation, and operations internally. With such a production chain the costs were high and the process was time-consuming (Ding and Akhtar 2001, pp.950-65). Even market leaders like Dell initially produced complete systems and was based in the United States while it outsourced some of the components from other manufacturers (Rosenau and Earnest 2004).  According to Ardnt (2001), these were the initial phases of the PC supply chain at Dell and in the entire industry at large. IBM which was also a big brand at the time also imported minor parts from other regions and had a relatively wide supply chain network. Gradually the industry realized that importing parts from other regions and countries cut down the costs and thus intermediary firms sprouted up which supplied such parts to the industry at competitive rates (Rosenau and Earnest 2004). Although Dell was technologically more advanced and had a strategy that would enable them to pierce the global market, they could not do so. This was because their costs were high when compared to the competitors like IBM who were outsourcing supplies from cheaper, developing nations and were more cost-effective and were able to reap more profit (Dowling 1999, pp. 30-42). According to Rosenau and Earnest (2004) with globalization strategies, Dell and other MNC's including the IBM and Microsoft set up their branches within other countries. In 1990s Dell was the first to surge the global markets especially the developing countries like India, China, Pakistan, and Malaysia, paving the way for the other big brands to follow in its footsteps (Rosenau and Earnest 2004). Globalization enabled them to get the cheapest rates and a competitive quality (Arndt 1997, pp. 695-707).

Pre-Incorporation Contracts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Pre-Incorporation Contracts - Essay Example Section 32A (1) (a) of the Companies Ordinance of Hong Kong contains the statutory provisions governing the pre-incorporation contracts. According to this section where a person or a promoter who enters in to a contract on behalf of the company as agent before the incorporation of the company, then that person will become personally liable under the contract unless there is an agreement to the contrary entered into between the company and such person. However it is not possible that a contract between the company and the person can be entered into subsequent to the incorporation which makes the company liable on the contract. (IQS) Normally a pre-incorporation contract is an incomplete contract. It is incomplete because it doesn't specify the obligations of the different parties under the contract in case it was not possible to form the company. Similarly it doesn't state the remedy for the other party in case the company after incorporation is not able to perform. Three different rules can be adopted to resolve the situation: The Jiangsu Province Higher people's Court of China had promulgated certain decisions and passed on some opinions in the adjudication of certain types of company law cases that can be taken as guide lines for the determination of civil liabilities in the pre-incorporation contracts. According to the Higher People's Court, a 'company being incorporated' refers to an organization which is formed to carry out the acts necessary for the incorporation of the company. It can be assumed that its existence starts on the day on which the execution of the company constitution or incorporation agreement takes place and ends on the day on which the business certificate is issued to the company. In this context the 'necessary acts' implies the legal and economic acts done for the purposes of incorporating the company and complying with the requirements for the establishment of the company in the Company Law of the People's Republic of China. The Higher People's court had expressed the following remarks on the adjudication of certain company cases: Where a promoter does a necessary act for the incorporation of the company in the name of the company, the legal consequence of such an act shall be borne by the company. Where a promoter does a civil act unnecessary for the incorporation of the company, in the name of the company, the creditor may hold the promoter responsible for the consequential civil liability. When the company after incorporation ratifies the act of

Evaluate the classical theistic concept of God with particular Essay

Evaluate the classical theistic concept of God with particular reference to Thomas Aquinas - Essay Example It is no surprise that Classical theistic concepts of God fundamentally propose the existence of God. But how exactly? Aristotle perceived God as the first principle, the unmoved mover, the ‘primary essence’ (Metaphysics 12.8; 1074a36-39). Thomas Aquinas depicts ‘one first immovable Being, a primary cause, necessarily existing, not created; existing the most widely, good, even the best possible; the first ruler through the intellect, and the ultimate end of all things’ (Aquinas 1270, art.III). One can begin here to see the entirety with which classical theists tend to view the extent of the existence of God. It appears primarily elusive, but it seems that this very elusiveness fuels its rigorous withstanding against criticisms. But can one capture a more specific concept of omnipotence, of the deeper concept of the existence of God? Omnipotence, being the central concept of God’s existence, requires a more thorough definition in order to evaluate its resilience (or failing) against alternative theories. While one recognises that the task at hand is not to merely describe how Aquinas depicts the existence of God, and which arguments he refers to in order to strengthen his theory, it is also valuable in understanding further his theory. For, in order to criticise a theory, one must attempt to understand, and thus analyse it in all of its splendour. One cannot deny that Aquinas does indeed adopt an interesting stance; he expresses what God is not, and in doing so, provides a beautifully crafted set of attributes, of which God is. Concerning his main work on the issue, Summa Theologica, one grasps the strength with which he approaches and then deals with the difficult issue of plausibly testifying to the existence of God. But by predicting criticisms and answering them thus, he not only testifies to the existence of God, but builds a fortress of reason around it, preventing immediate weakening attacks from critics. Omnipotence is maximal

English Learning Methods Essay Example for Free

English Learning Methods Essay Although most people can realize the importance of English in modern life. Mastering English is quite difficult for them, Why? Because they dont find out a suitable way to learn. I state you about the way to learn English I think it is the best. It is combination of two factors: learning inside the class and learning outside the class. Learning inside the class is very necessary for learners for experience, a good environment for practicing and motivation of studying. Firstly, you should take part fully in class to get knowledge from teachers who can share their valuable experiences for studying English with us, and they also give comment or feed back about your mistakes if you have , they can explain about what you dont understand the English lessons. Second, class is good environment for studying, is where we can communicate with your friends in English and check your knowledge level, beside when you learn inside the class, you have competition with others, which make you have more motivation for studying but joining in class every day isnt still enough time for your practice to become a good learner. You should spend more time on practicing yourself at home. Learning English outside is also important. You can study English online at home with threes reasons: not spend much fees, have suitable lesson for each person and have more interesting for lessons. First learning English online at home, which decrease fees for us and dont much time for moving, second there are many kinds of lesson which are suitable with each learners level, there are courses for beginners, both adults and children, as well as more advanced courses for those who work their way up through the lessons. The advanced lessons are also suitable for those who do have the basics of the English language and want to increase their skills in reading, speaking, listening and writing. Thirdly, having many funny activities from English online course. It makes learners more interesting for studying. For example, play funny games such as play cards, puzzle, crossword, or hangman. Moreover, you can watch English film, listen to English news, read English newspaper or chat with native speakers. Many people have the idea that learning English is a difficult process. In fact, the opposite is true and the language is really easy to learn if you spend time on practicing it everyday with above method. You will become a good learner English.

Improving FCAT sScores of students Essay Example for Free

Improving FCAT sScores of students Essay Since the first task is to find students who are willing to ask questions and seek help, it is imperative to build a working and trusting relation with the students. Knowing students and understanding their learning style should help them and the proponents of the study in meeting the collective obligation towards acquiring knowledge and preparing both parties for any challenge which include school testing or the state required Standard Testing. Further, it is expected to find cooperative teachers who are willing and able to work together to meet all of the student goals and the curriculum requirements. As mentioned before, if no cooperative work will take form among students, teachers, administrators and parents, the chances for students to be successful may diminish. There is an easy way for every teacher to help their students in preparing for the FCAT. In essence, teachers can include FCAT-like questions into the regular class lectures, activities as well as assessments. Primarily, teachers can use questions that necessitate students to elucidate their responses to the questions. Teachers can also have the students to relate their Reading and Mathematics skills utilizing challenging content from the various subject areas. The test questions included in the FCAT employ the content areas prescribed by the SSS which include the Arts, Language Arts and Mathematics, Science, Health and Physical Education, Social Studies as well as School-to-Work areas. Hence, every student must be handed the chances to apply their reading and mathematics skills in the content fields other than the plain customary mathematics as well as language arts. The majority of the text students after Grade 6 are needed to read and understand on FCAT is informational text which does not necessarily imply it as literature. Another way is for teachers to employ questions in which their formats are open-ended which are similar to the ones identified in the FCAT. AT least three distinct types of open-ended questions are used on the FCAT. These include the extended-response format, short-response type, and the gridded-response type. The first two formats (ER and SR) are applied only on the students of Grades 4, 8 and 10 Reading and Grades 5, 8, and 10 Math. The tests from Grades 5 to 10 in the Mathematics part of the FCAT apply the gridded-response format in the questions. The real amount of questions for every type differs a bit annually. Nevertheless, the percentage of the questions will fall just within the range illustrated in the table below: Percent of Questions for the FCAT Question Formats Subject and Grade Question Format Percent of Questions Read. — 4, 8, 10 Multiple Choice (MC) 85-90% ER and SR 10-15% Reading — 3, 5, 6, 7, 9 MC 100% Math — 3 4 MC 100% Math — 5 MC 60-70% GR 20-25%. ER SR 10-15% Math — 6, 7, 9 MC 60-70% GR 30-40% Math — 8 10 MC 50-60% GR 25-30% ER SR 10-15% In the Reading section of the ER questions in the FCAT, students are provided an answer space which consists of 14 lines. On the other hand, students are provided with a blank workspace for Mathematics where the students are required to illustrate their work and a few lines provided for their explanation part. Every student is required to write answers or illustrate their work in the spaces yet it is not a requirement to completely fill the spaces. Next, in the SR questions, students in reading are provided with another answer space which consists of eight lines. Students are provided with a blank workspace in Mathematics for their explanation or illustration of their work. Filling up the spaces completely is, again, not a requirement. In the GR format, every student is provided with an answer grid to fill. Students are required to fill the grid with the right answer with the use of one of the few right formats. Numerical answers resulting from specific questions can be solved by the use of a response grid and not mere questions of mathematics. In essence, the constant use of these formats of questions in every regular activities and appraisals within the classroom and will aid students become familiar to answering in the same manner they will be asked to answer in the actual FCAT. Teachers can also opt to grade and rate the work of the students using the rubrics based on the FCAT as well as the rubric from Florida Writes. By employing this approach, students can become more accustomed to what is expected from them on the actual test in FCAT. Aiding students comprehend what is expected of them on FCAT is perhaps one of the most effective approaches in helping these students to prepare for the actual FCAT. Most of the time, students ask â€Å"will I have to perform this one on the actual FCAT? † If the teacher considers using the FCAT rubrics in scoring the responses to the classroom test questions, subject papers, reports, projects among many others, students will harness a clearer comprehension of the degrees of performance expected of them during the FCAT. Last but not the least, teachers can opt to utilize and develop questions for classroom discussions and tests that are of similar cognitive firmness as the ones presented in the FCAT test rubrics. The SSS contains standards for the content as well as benchmarks that are challenging for every learner as it also includes the expectation that these learners become more creative as their critical thinking capabilities are likewise developed further. Every class has the size of approximately 32 students with a various degree of academic levels. Most students come from a lower socio-economic class and many of their parents speak another language apart from English and cannot provide enough help the proponents with any of the homework. With the help from other teachers, a â€Å"Mock FCAT Test† will be conducted which is going to be based on the materials the students have covered for the year. The test will consist of a multiple choice section, a true or false part, and several essay type questions. One of the co-teachers in the science classes will have to modify the test for the ESE students just as it has been practiced during regular test or quizzes. Some of the ESE students have a modification clause in their Individual Education Plan or IEP and the test questions have to be read to them so that they will be able to understand better the test questions and answer them to the best of their knowledge. Further, it will provide the students with the guidance for studying and preparing for the real FCAT test. Two periods per week can be used for the test preparation which serves as a review time and after four weeks the test will be given. The teachers should make themselves available before and after school for students who feel they need some help. Also, letters must be sent to the parents of the students which will serve as letters asking for their help, if possible, with students’ practice work. In addition to the help that is to be obtained from both the teachers and the parents, the students themselves will also participate and cooperate in order to further advance the help they can receive. That is, students will be paired, carefully selecting their pairs according to their academic level. All of these activities will be conducted in the regular classroom during the third quarter of the school year. A journal will be maintained which will serve as the record for all of the observations obtained as well as the progress of the students throughout the course of the scheme. Dates will be analyzed in order to predict any changes in the students’ progress so that it will be easier to identify where help is most needed for the students. The journal will also include information gathered from parents on the progress of the time spent with their children who are studying at home. Moreover, the journal will contain a comparison column to see the results from all of the quizzes and serve as a guide for intervention when needed. The information that will be obtained will be thoroughly shared with the students so that they ca follow their progress and pinpoint any deficiencies in which they have to work on. Lastly, the journal will provide information on what and where the needs are to be reviewed, revisited, or reinforced. This is to keep a sustained check on the progress of the project. With the cooperation of the other teachers, information will be shared and concerns will be exchanged concerning the progress of the students. The members of the project will be involved in monitoring, discussing, and helping students to stay on track. There will be daily discussions with the students about the difficulties of the study material or to share the successes and ideas about the methods of studying. Student’s input is most important as their suggestions will be shared with every student in both class periods. Also, students who have already taken the FCAT and have successfully passes the test will be introduced into the group of students in order for the former to be able to relate to the students their previous experience with FCAT. The techniques used by these previous students who have already successfully passed the FCAT will be shared to the current students so that the latter will be able to obtain any important information or insights into the FCAT. The data will be interpreted in terms of an analysis of all the information obtained before, during, and after the project has culminated. Input from the teachers involved will be greatly considered inasmuch as the conference with the parents and the participating students will provide the data that will be analyzed. Students will be given a self-survey to assess their own progress from their personal viewpoint and provide guide for reviewing the material for the test. Also, with the cooperation of the other teachers, notes will be compared and pinpoint the relation of time, the involvement of the parents and the scores obtained from the test. All obtainable manpower will be used in completing the project. The findings of the study or project will be shared with the entire staff of the school, specifically the administrators and the teachers, as well as with the parents and the students. The success of the project will be shared with other schools as it will be important and useful information in preparing their students for testing via the regular curriculum. The goal presented is to make the students aware of the possibilities of learning through organized effort and the learning intelligence that most befits each student. Also, the information obtained from the project will be shared with other teachers in order to reinforce the methods and styles and teaching practices that will be used. The parents will realize that their involvement with their children in learning is of great significance as they keep in contact with the teachers and monitor the progress of their children. The next phase is to work on continuous cooperation with the parents and other teachers and to provide the maximum help to the students. An open relationship with students will also be developed through an action plan where everybody is involved in the educational process working together for a common goal. This will help and encourage students in their future study as they will be able to comprehend the positive outcome of their efforts and the cooperation they maintain with their fellow students and with their parents and teachers. The bulk of the critical colleagues in the entirety of the project will be comprised of fellow teachers as well as the assistant principal of the school who will provide the support and approval for the implementation of the project. Permission will be sought after the school principal as well as from the parents of the students as both parties will have to invest time and a few other resources for the initiation and completion of the project. The permission of the other teachers will also be obtained primarily because classes will be conducted in their respective classrooms and class sections that they handle. CONCLUSION By monitoring the test results obtained from the FCAT and comparing these results with the previous years, the knowledge of the students can be relatively increased specifically in the domain of science. By guiding the teachers find the specific areas where the students needs some room for improvement especially their weaknesses as well as their strengths that need reinforcement, teachers can correspondingly adjust their lesson plans. Further, since the work aims at expanding the skills and knowledge of students based on FCAT results, the work also shares a relevant contribution to the overall academic and holistic development of the student as relationships are established and strengthened between students, parents, teachers, and the school administrators. References FCAT Fact Sheet. (2005, August 24, 2005). Retrieved August 5, 2007, from http://fcat. fldoe. org/pdf/fcatfact. pdf. FCAT Myths vs. Facts. (2005, August 24, 2005). Retrieved August 6, 2007, from http://fcat. fldoe. org/pdf/myths-facts. pdf. What every teacher should know about FCAT. (2005, August 24, 2005). Retrieved August 6, 2007, from http://fcat. fldoe. org/pdf/fcatguid. pdf.

Mental State Examination (MSE) Case Study

Mental State Examination (MSE) Case Study Lachlan Donnet-Jones Giving examples from the case study, how would you describe Amanda’s behaviour and appearance as set out in a Mental State Examination (MSE)? A Mental State Examination (MSE) is defined as â€Å"[a] medical examination comprising the systematic evaluation of the mental status of the patient† (Dorland, 2011). A MSE evaluates many characteristics of a patient including appearance, psychomotor behaviour, speech, thinking and perception, emotional state including affect and mood, insight and judgment, intelligence, sensorium, attention and concentration, and memory (Dorland, 2011). The initial segments evaluated during a MSE are appearance and behaviour. It is important to note the patient’s appearance as this can provide useful information into the level of self-care, daily living skills and lifestyle of the patient. Behaviour is important to record as it can provide much insight into the patient’s emotional state and attitude. A MSE is an important process in determining a patient’s capacity to make [or not] independent health care decisions and provide the necessary support to better the patients welfare (Volicer, 2011). Appearance: The initial insight into Amanda’s appearance occurs as the paramedic crew arrive, finding her ‘sitting upright, looking dazed and anxious with shortness of breath’. It is apparent that Amanda appears distressed, confused and anxious enough to cause her to become dyspnoeic (shortness of breath) (Shiber and Santana, 2006). Amanda is a young woman with dyed, untidy and matted hair who presents with a poor level of personal hygiene and self-care. Amanda has many facial piercings, her pupils are extremely dilated and her arms are covered in sores. Subsequent to Amanda’s arrival at the emergency department (ED) she appears very tense and her facial expressions change rapidly from smiling to terrified. Amanda’s mother re-counted that Amanda ‘comes home dishevelled and dirty’, and that she has ‘lost a lot of weight’. Behaviour: Following the handover to the clinician at the hospital, it is observed that Amanda appears to be suffering a level of psychomotor agitation as she is ‘very tense†¦ pacing up and down the corridor wringing her hands’. Amanda appears unable to focus, demonstrated by abnormal and erratic eye movements, ‘her eyes stare intensely either into the ceiling above or at staff members’. Amanda appears to be suspicious of and distrust staff members as she distances herself as much as possible from any physical contact and enters the room ‘like she’s about to enter a trap’. During the interview Amanda screams ‘They’re everywhere. Everywhere†¦under my skin!’. Amanda appears to be experiencing tactile hallucinations, she believes there is something beneath her skin, when there is not. Amanda also appears to be experiencing auditory sensation (voices) without an authentic (real) stimulus i.e. auditory hallucinations. This is seen as she looks up at the ceiling yelling ‘Shut up shut up shut up!!!!!! then distressed, proceeds to scream and hold her ears as if to block a loud noise’ and furthermore, ‘Why am I here!!! You won’t tell her anything will you?’. Amanda talks about ‘her’, which may be referring to her mother, but it may also be referring to someone else. Define cognition and then briefly discuss how we might interpret how both Amanda’s thought content and thought form are disturbed? Cognition is defined as ‘the mental processes by which a person acquires knowledge.’ Among these are reasoning, creative actions and solving problems (Marcovitch, 2009). Cognition is an essential in determining what we think and how we think. In an MSE, thought form and thought content are used to gain an understanding of the patients thinking, specifically how they think (form) and what they are thinking of (content) (Trzepacz and Baker, 1993). Thought form is the quantity, rate, tempo and logical coherence of a person’s thoughts. The thought form may include highly irrelevant comments, frequent changes in topic and pressured or halted speech (Kaufman and Zun, 1995). In contrast, thought content refers to selective attention (focus on a selective topic), preoccupation or exaggerated concern (obsessions, compulsions and hypochondria) and distorting or ignoring reality (illusions, hallucinations and delusions) (Trzepacz and Baker, 1993). During Amanda’s interview a number of sentences allude to disturbed thought content such as ‘You know don’t you? You know it’s in my veins!’ and ‘Every one of us is falling – the whole planet is falling!’. Amanda’s exclamations are examples of unsubstantiated thinking and are possibly part of an illusion. The thought form of such exclamations is disorganised, hastily changing from one topic to another, â€Å"they’re in my veins†, â€Å"the whole planet is falling!†, ‘Shut up shut up shut up!!† and ‘Forgive me! Forgive me!’. While the specific idea changes there is a recurrent theme to Amanda’s thought content, disastrous, guilty and fearful situations that are beyond her control. It is evident based on the irrelevant topics and unsubstantiated thinking observed in Amanda’s speech that her thought content is disturbed. Amanda’s thought form also appears distu rbed demonstrated by the ‘flight of idea’s’ she experiences and her inability to focus on a relevant topic within the context of the situation (Trzepacz and Baker, 1993). Briefly explain the differences between hearing and listening. Choose two skills of listening and discuss how you would use these skills to effectively communicate with Amanda. What are some of the barriers you might face in the process? Listening is defined as ‘a complex process that encompasses the skills of reception, perception and interpretation of input.’ (Stein-Parbury, 2013). As opposed to hearing, listening is consciously chosen, one must be paying ‘active attention to what is being said’ (Stein-Parbury, 2013). Additionally there are two terms for listening, active and passive. Active listening is effective listening. It requires concentration to process words into meaning which in turn leads to learning. Hearing, or passive listening, is one of the five senses a human possesses, it is simply perceiving sound (vibrations) via the ear. Hearing alone is a subconscious process and happens automatically. A nursing research paper provides a succinct definition of the difference between hearing and listening. Hearing is ‘being there’ for patients whereas listening is ‘being with’ patients (Fredriksson, 1999). In order to conduct effective active listening and exchange information with patients a clinician needs to possess the required listening skills. There are five categories of listening skills; perceiving; interpreting; recalling; and attending and observing, which will be discussed in relation to Amanda’s case (Stein-Parbury, 2013). Observation from the clinician is important in Amanda’s case as much information can be learnt simply from observing Amanda’s behaviour. Observing involves paying careful attention to what is expressed and how it is expressed (Stein-Parbury, 2013). Non-verbal cues such as facial expression, eye contact, body posture and movements ‘[convey] emotional and relational information [Henry et al. 2012] that can inform the clinician of Amanda’s feelings and emotional state. The clinician notices that Amanda is ‘wringing her hands from time to time’, which may suggest she is feeling nervous and anxious. This is an example of observation, by paying careful attention to Amanda’s non-verbal cues (hand wringing) the clinician has an increased awareness of Amanda’s feelings. Amanda’s eyes ‘stare intensely either into the ceiling above or at staff members’, the clinician may interpret this as a sign of distrust and suspicion. Using this knowledge the clinician recognises the absence of trust and can address this in his response to build rapport. Although observing and interpreting the patient’s non-verbal cues is important, it is equally important for the clinician to provide their own non-verbal cues for the patient to interpret. This is referred to as attending. A common mnemonic used for this is SOLER (Sit squarely, Open posture, Lean forward, Eye-contact, Relaxed) (Egan, 2002). Encouragement such as quiet murmuring (e.g. â€Å"Mmm†) and head nodding is also used to show attentiveness and openness, allowing the patient to feel understood. Despite many methods of encouragement and understanding the clinician may still find barriers with particular patients. In Amanda’s case some barriers may include Amanda’s apparent lack of awareness to her environment, she may be unable to listen or acknowledge the clinician, such as when she is staring at the ceiling. Amanda’s hallucinations can potentially disrupt or prevent any congruent conversation and distort her responses. Observation and attending are important skills in listening as they are ‘fundamental in establishing effective relationships’ (Stein-Parbury, 2013). Using listening skills to develop a comprehensive understanding of Amanda’s situation the clinician can respond accordingly in a manner that matches Amanda’s needs. Define therapeutic communication. Using case study examples, explain the difficulties involved in communication when managing a complex scene that includes an anxious patient who presents in the emergency department with a distressed and demanding relative. Hungerford (2011) defines therapeutic communication as ‘a communication technique utilised by a health professional to engage with a person and enable them to achieve personal change’. It is essentially the face to face communication between clinician and patient that aims to enable positive change in the patient. An anxious patient such as Amanda can be difficult to manage, especially in the presence of bystanders or relatives who are distressed, in Amanda’s case it is her mother. While Amanda’s mother may mean well, she is most likely contributing to Amanda’s anxiety. Rather than aiding health professionals she is hindering their ability to reduce Amanda’s anxiety as she ‘[is] constantly obstructing and getting in their way causing interruptions’. In addition to increasing Amanda’s anxiety, health professional’s attention may be taken away from Amanda and focused on calming the mother down. This has a negative impa ct of the patient’s well-being, increasing the time it takes to de-escalate the situation and decrease the patient’s anxiety. Amanda’s mother’s constant interruptions have a negative impact of the patient’s well-being. For example, ‘She is not right; she is really unwell’ as heard from Amanda’s perspective is escalating the situation, making Amanda feel worse than she has too and increasing her anxiety. A potential method to avoid relatives increasing patient anxiety is to separate them. The paramedics separate them during transport, taking Amanda in the ambulance where she can receive further care that is needed, and Amanda’s mother via police. At the ED Amanda’s mother continues to interrupt clinicians. To remove the potential of increasing Amanda’s distress, the clinician interviews Amanda alone. Although Amanda’s mum provided important information it was beneficial to interview Amanda alone. In a situation where a relative is distressed and interferes with treatment it is most appropriate to kindly separate them from the patient, take them to another area where they can calm down and perhaps have a drink or some food. What are the key components of an effective handover between health professionals from different disciplines? Discuss the important considerations of patient handover in regards to objective information and confidentiality (8). A clinical handover is ‘the transfer of professional responsibility and accountability for some or all aspects of care for a patient, or group of patients, to another person or professional group on a temporary or permanent basis’ (National Patient Safety Agency, 2014). The aim of the handover is to establish effective communication of clinical information during patient transfer from the care of one health professional to another. There are numerous steps or processes involved in an effective handover. First, the clinician sending information needs to show strong leadership. Second, any members of the medical team involved in the care of the patient prior to or subsequent to the handover should have an active role in the handover. Third, a multifaceted quantity of information involving the patients past, current and future care should be provided. Finally, the fourth step is to ensure patients that are not stable are quickly reviewed, further care is planned and the tasks are prioritised appropriately (AMA, 2006). Patients expect that confidentiality is respected and personal information is treated with utmost care. Confidentiality is an important legal obligation of health professionals. Delicate and sensitive information regarding patient care should not be discussed in potentially compromised areas, ideally in private quarters away from the public. A final factor to consider during patient handover is the level of objective information. Objective information is fact-based, measurable and observable, as opposed to subjective information which is based on personal opinions, interpretations and judgement (Hjà ¸rland, 2007). Health professionals are required to avoid relaying information that is judgemental, opinion and subjective as this form of information can lead to misinformed health professionals which consequently creates poor or inappropriate patient care (Hemmings and Brown, 2009). References AMA (2006) Safe handover: Safe patients: Guidance on clinical handover for clinicians and managers. Australian Medical Association. Kingston, ACT, Australia. Dorland, (2011). Mental Status Examination. In:  Dorlands illustrated medical dictionary, 20th ed. Philadelphia, USA: Elsevier Health Sciences. Egan, G. (2002). The skilled helper: a problem-management and opportunity-development approach to helping. 7th edition. Pacific Grove, California: Brooks/Cole. Fredriksson, L., 1999. Modes of relating in caring conversation: a research synthesis on presence, touch and listening. Journal of Advanced Nursing 30, 1167-1176. Hemmings, C Owen L, Brown, T 2009. Lost in translation: Maximizing handover effectiveness between paramedics and receiving staff in the emergency department,Emergency Medicine Australasia, 21, 2, pp. 102-107, Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 4 May 2014. Henry, S.G., Fuhrel-Forbis, A., Rogers, M.A.M., et al., 2012. Association between nonverbal communication during clinical interactions and outcomes and outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Patient Education and Counselling 86, 297-315. Hjà ¸rland, B. (2007). Information: Objective or subjective/situational?. J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci., 58:1448–1456. doi:10.1002/asi.20620 Kaufman, D. and Zun, L. (1995). A quantifiable, Brief Mental Status Examination for emergency patients.The Journal of emergency medicine, 13(4), pp.449456. Marcovitch, H. (2009). Cognition. In:Blacks Medical Dictionary, 42nd ed. A C Black. National Patient safety Agency, (2014). As cited inSafe handover: safe patients. London: British Medical Association, p.7. Shiber, J. and Santana, J. (2006). Dyspnea.Medical Clinics of North America, 90(3), pp.453-479. Stein-Parbury, J. (2013).Patient and person. 5th ed. Sydney: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone. Trzepacz, P. and Baker, R. (1993).The Psychiatric Mental Status Examination. 1st ed. New York: Oxford University Press. Volicer, L. Mahoney, E. Hurley, A. 2011 Mental status measurement: Mini-mental state examination inEncyclopedia of nursing research, Springer Publishing Company, New York,

Qualitative vs. Quantitative Research Essay -- Research Analysis

In this paper, the author will delineate the characteristics between qualitative and quantitative research, as well as their methodologies. The purpose of this paper is to give the reader a brief glimpse behind each research approach, by determining the strengths and weaknesses of both. The terms â€Å"subjective† and â€Å"objective† will be viewed in accordance with each research paradigm by considering the role of the observer and addressing how the researcher conducts his or her analysis using these approaches. The author will also describe the preferred approach given to each modality and how each model can be utilized in a study of aggression. Qualitative and Quantitative are two differentiated paradigms of research, which operate under the assumption that measured outcomes, must be proven valid and reliable. However, the distinguishing element between each paradigm resolves to the role of the researcher. Although they can be explicated by the source of the data collected, qualitative being a semantic text and quantitative being in numerical form, in the qualitative paradigm, the role of the researcher is to be an active participant within the study, lending the subjectivity of interpretation to the final measured outcome (Denzien & Lincoln, 2000). However, the quantitative approach finds the role of the researcher as an outside, objective observer, where the possibility for researcher bias is reduced, and the final measured outcome is not subject to researcher interpretations (Patton, 1996). Qualitative Research Qualitative research is a multi-dimensional method that utilizes an imperative and naturalistic approach. This design is associated with a phenomenological paradigm and is used by observing human behavior in... ...ht eliminate the need for research participation by sending out surveys in the mail randomly. The qualitative methodology might use an example a focus group. Where the researcher is an active participant in asking open-ended questions, specifically to engage the participants and prompt interpretive answers reflective of emotionality. When considering the manipulation of variables to alter conditions that are observable and measurable, quantitative analysis could include the manipulation of environmental factors, such as room temperature, lighting, etc, where the researcher is an outside, unattached observer. The qualitative paradigm would insist that the researcher be a participant of the factors of manipulation by using interruptive techniques, verbal commands, etc, and determine the measurable effects on the outcome through personal interpretation of data.

Shakespeares Macbeth - A Tragic Hero :: Macbeth essays

Macbeth: A Tragic Hero         Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Macbeth character in Macbeth by William Shakespeare can be played many ways.   Macbeth's relationship with other characters in the play and Aristotle's theory of a tragedy are ways in which Macbeth is shown as a tragic hero.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   At the very beginning of the play, Macbeth and Banquo are returning to Scotland from a fierce battle between the Norwegians and the Scottish. They have just won the war for Duncan.   This shows a noble virtue of Macbeth, a requirement of a tragic hero according to Aristotle.   It shows that Macbeth is a loyal person to the King and that he is a great warrior. As they are returning to Scotland, three witches appear and make prophecies about Macbeth and Banquo.   The three witches say â€Å"All hail, Macbeth! hail to thee, thane of Glamis!   All hail, Macbeth! hail to thee, thane of Cawdor!   All hail Macbeth, that shalt be king hereafter!† (A 1, S 3, 48). Here, Macbeth is interested in what the witches have to say, but he does not really believe them.   A few minutes later, Ross enters.   He tells Macbeth that the thane of Cawdor is in line for death and that Duncan has named Macbeth the new thane of Cawdor.   Now, Macbeth is absolutely shocked. The witches prophecy has come true!   He can not believe it!   But now Macbeth has a lot more on his mind; the third prophecy about becoming the King.   Macbeth knows that if something were to happen to Duncan, Malcolm and Donalbain, Duncan's sons, would be the rightful heirs to the throne. How can Macbeth be King when he is nowhere near the next in line to the throne?   Another requirement for a tragic hero is that he must have a tragic flaw.   Macbeth's tragic flaw is that of ambition; Macbeth's ambition will cause him to decline.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   At this point, Lady Macbeth knows all about the witches prophecies. She really wants to be Queen of Scotland so she encourages Macbeth to do what he has to do to get rid of Duncan.   Lady Macbeth is putting an enormous amount of influence on Macbeth.   He thinks that Duncan is a great King and he considers Duncan to be a good friend.   Finally Macbeth gives in to Lady Macbeth and decides that he will kill Duncan while he is visiting Macbeth's castle that same night.   That night, Macbeth kills Duncan. However, afterwards, Macbeth is feeling very sorry for himself.   He can not believe what he has just done.   His ambition has caused him to kill a good friend and even worse, the King!   Here, Macbeth is going crazy.

Sri lanka agriculture development and rural economy

Dependency theory was really popular during 1960s and 1970s as a direct challenge to the free market theory which was popular during the post-war season. The theory was formulated in 1950s and it is drawn on Marxian analysis of planetary economic system. The theory explains the relationship between economically developed states ( Advanced states ) and developing states of the universe. Harmonizing to the theory, the developed states consider as the nucleus of the system and the developing states as the fringe of the system. When the system is working, resources flow from fringe developing states to the developed nucleus states. It is a cardinal contention of dependence theory that hapless provinces are impoverished and rich 1s enriched by the manner hapless provinces are integrated into the â€Å" universe system. † The dependence theory is applicable to most of the developing states in the universe except few illustrations like India and Taiwan. Harmonizing to my cognition the theory is applicable to all most all states in the south Asia including Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka was besides colonized by British Empire during 1815 – 1948 where it made a terrible harm to the Local civilization, Social life, independence every bit good as Economy. Even though the state has been ruled by local leaders from 1948, United Kingdom and other developed states have been created negative consequence on the development of the state. However, presently Sri Lanka is in a right tract toward the development, where the service sector and the fabrication sector shows a fast growing while the Agriculture sector shows a relatively slow growing. Tourism and other service subsectors have been well contributed to the economic system of the state. However the economic system of the state was opened to the universe market in 1977 and the state has been experienced both positive and negative impacts on the development positions. On the one manus most of the local baby industries were collapsed during the period as a negative consequence of the unfastened economic system. On the other manus most of the international investors and multinational carbon monoxide operations came to the state with their new engineerings which was utile to look in the universe market as a bring forthing state. Most of the developing states specially in south Asiatic states, including Sri Lanka have been depend on the IMF, World Bank, ADB and other multinational carbon monoxide operations to carry through their budget shortage through loans or grants under legion regulations and ordinances which severely consequence on the internal development. As consequence of that influence, most of those regional leaders every bit good as people of those states have a dependence outlook which was identified as the major constrain for the development. However, Sri Lanka was able to come in the in-between income state degree and presently the dependence outlook remains merely in some portion of rural countries of the state. In that scenario, Sri Lanka is no longer stray state in the universe, but still in the disadvantaged and developing side which needs particular protection and nutriment for local baby industries to protect them from the international competition. Consequently, Sri Lanka has to utilize different theoretical account which can pull strings the international competition within the state while absorbing the maximal public-service corporation form the international market. Harmonizing to my cognition and experience no any pure theory will helpful to utilize as it is for development in any state. Therefore, the state must hold their ain manner for development which has to critically see their ain resources and restrictions. â€Å" Poor but efficient Agriculture usage of developing state Traditional system † proposed by T.W. Schultz. This is one of a theory which tries to explicate the efficient usage of limited resources by hapless or developing husbandmans in developing states. The theory was foremost found in the T.W. Schultz ‘s book of Transforming Traditional Agriculture which was published in 1960s and the theory was really popular during that period. During 1950s and 1960s, Most of the economic experts and Policy shapers believed that the productiveness of Agriculture sector in developing states as really low. Therefore they argued that the fringy productiveness of the labor in those states as nothing. Hence those agribusiness labors could be transferred from the agribusiness sector to the industrialisation sector without holding any harm to the agribusiness sector. Therefore, it was besides widely accepted that husbandmans in developing states were guided by tradition or civilization. On the other manus they are non responded to the economic inducements. But Schultz argued that the husbandmans in developing states have really limited resources but most of the husbandmans use that limited resources expeditiously. However those husbandmans are hapless because of the other assorted grounds like cultural features such as deficiency of a work moral principle, deficiency of an apprehension of the thought of salvaging, or general ignorance of how to do best usage of their resources. Schultz argued that low income degrees in developing states agribusiness are a consequence of the low productiveness of the available factors of production, but non inefficiencies in their resource allotment. Subsequently, most of the researches have been conducted and accordingly the theory was through empirical observation proved utilizing the research conducted in several developing states. In Sri Lanka, there are plentifulness of little graduated table husbandmans who live under the poorness line but they use their limited resources expeditiously for their harvest cultivation. Water and fertiliser is the most scare resources in the dry zone of Sri Lankan husbandmans. They use particular agriculture pattern which is called as â€Å" Chena cultivation † . Even though that agriculture pattern is non recommended by most of the agriculturalist in the state, Chena cultivation is one of the largely adoptable patterns to utilize H2O and fertiliser. In this method husbandmans ever use new piece of land and they move to new a land in the following season. Farmers use all the vegetive parts as green manure and fire all the difficult parts of workss and mix with dirt as fertilisers. That organic manure covers all the alimentary demand of the new harvests. Farmers cultivate drought immune harvest varsities and cultivate as a mix harvest form. The system lowers the hazard of plague and disease incidence and good as maximise the use of wet. Farmers normally use household labors and utilize some excess labor merely in peak seasons. However, most of those husbandmans are hapless and the life base is besides low. There are many grounds behind the narrative and some of them are low salvaging rate, hapless cost direction, selling jobs, low substructure etc. In that sense, even today, the theory is applicable in most of the developing states and it is utile to understand their agriculture manner, populating manner of the husbandmans. On the other manus, it is utile to propose them to rectify their failings.

Connection Between Human and Animals Essay

â€Å"The soul is the same in all living creatures, although the body of each is different.† This was quoted by Hippocrates, a Greek philosopher. The numerous animal imageries in Timothy Findley’s book The Wars are used to show the similarities and differences of the way how human treat animals and their life. The characters Captain Leather, Rodwell and Robert Ross reveal their own connections to the animals respectively, and the connections fully prove the good side and the bad side of human nature. Captain Leather is a commanding officer, he is one of the negative characters and he treats animals without humanity in the novel. When the barn yard is on fire, Robert’s first thought is the animals, and he wants to set the horses and mules free. However, Captain Leather tries to prevent Robert from freeing them, a hundred horses and thirty-five mules, and he does not even care about those real lives. He screams at Delvin, â€Å"‘Shut those God damn gates! Sh ut them! Shut them! You traitor’† (183). He is a selfish officer, and he is very cruel and merciless to animals. A life means nothing to Captain Leather, and he has no feeling towards the death of the soldiers. When Robert tells Captain Leather that perhaps there are a lot of soldiers died in the trench, Captain Leather does not even worry about it, he seems to think that those men were born for fighting and sacrificing for the wars: â€Å"Leather even said ‘Just so’ when Robert explained that he hadn’t been able to locate his men and that he feared they had all been killed† (116). Captain Leather orders Robert and his men to go to the forward position to set up the guns, and Robert knows that they will be dead for certain because the position is very closed to the German lines. Captain Leather does not understand how dangerous the war is, and he just gives orders: â€Å"Laid down the purpose of the new guns. Gun beds would have to be put in ‘here and here’ and ‘there and there.’ Here and there was all right–but there and there was a death trap† (116). Captain Leather never cares about the soldier’s lives, and fighting a war is just like playing a game for him. He totally loses his humanity in the brutal war. In the novel, Rodwell always shows compassion and mercy to injured animals and wants to protect them. He is an optimistic person, and he knows how to enjoy his life during the war. Toad is one of the animals that Robert has saved. Even though nobody likes toad because of their ugly appearance, Rodwell still wants to cure the injured toad, he cherishes every creature’s life. The toad also has strong vitality, just like every soldier that wants to survive during the war: â€Å"Rodwell had saved the toad by putting it into the drinking water pail and placing sheets of Devlin’s glass on top† (133). Rodwell saved a rabbit during the war. The rabbit is a symbol of innocent and purity, just like Rowena and himself, and the rabbit reminds Robert of Rowena. The rabbit has survived when they got attacked: â€Å"The rabbit turned with its eyes shut tight and huddled in the corner of its cage facing Robert† (110). Rodwell tries to defend the animals with his life, although he knows that he can possibly lose his life. He respects animals and he tries to prevent the German from killing a cat, but he fails. He sees the cat’s life as his own life and he cannot accept the abuse of cats, so that finally he chooses to commit suicide: â€Å"They would not be stopped-and, seeing that he took an interest, they’d forced him to watch the killing of a cat. Half an hour later, Rodwell wandered into No Man’s Land and put a bullet through his ears† (135). Rodwell is like the animals, having purity and virtuous, he is not like the soldiers, violent, and killing, he appreciates and respects every living creature in his life. Although the war is cruel, it does not destroy Rodwell’s conscience. He is still very kind t o his friends and family. When Bonnycastle, Devlin and Levitt introduce Rodwell to Robert, they give their high assessment of Rodwell, Bonnycastle says, â€Å"‘[He thinks Robert will like Rodwell]’ ‘[The animals] have all been injured. That’s [Rodwell’s] sort of hospital’† (85). Rodwell predicts that he will die in the war, so he writes a letter to his daughter. The letter indicates Rodwell’s faith and the value of life. In the letter, Rodwell writes, â€Å"I am alive in everything I touch. Touch these pages and you have me in your fingertips. We survive in one another. Everything lives forever. Believe it. Nothing dies† (135). Rodwell only draws animals in his sketchbook just like communicating with animals, but Robert is the only human being in the book. Rodwell draws Robert because he sees Robert as one of the animals which are pure and innocent; unfortunately, Robert is trapped by the war, â€Å"In all of them—on every page, the drawings were of animals. Of maybe a hundred sketches, Robert’s was the only human form. Modified and mutated—he was one with the others† (138). Rodwell sacrifices his life for the wars, but his soul will be alive forever. His faith and mercy will stay in their memories as long as their live. The protagonist Robert Ross has connection with the animal’s portraits in the story reflects his personalities and the circumstances that he encounters. Once Robert ran with a coyote, he wondered why the coyote did not even kill any animals as a food source. Although the coyote is a predator, it only kills the ones who threaten its life: â€Å"And when it came to the place where the gophers had been sitting, neither did it pause to scuffle the burrows or even to sniff at them. It just went right on trotting-forward towards its goal† (25). The friendship between Robert and coyote is also peaceful, the coyote notices that Robert is behind and it allows Robert to follow. The coyote trusts Robert, it knows that Robert will not hurt it and it tries to communicate with Robert. This can be shown in the novel: â€Å"the valley was vacant: safe–and that Robert could proceed to the water’s edge to drink. It barked three times–a precise announcement it was leaving† (27). This strongly proves that human and animals can be friends, and the coyote is one of his friends in his life. In the novel, the rat symbolizes the hope and life. Robert saw a rat was trapped in the waterlogged trenches; he sets that rat free, because that was the only alive animal that is in the trenches. Later, â€Å"Robert wondered †¦ if setting the rat free had been a favor–but in the moment that he did it he was thinking: here is someone still alive† (114). The rat’s life is just like human’s life, both of them are precious. Throughout the whole novel, every time when the bird appears, it symbolizes freedom, life and warning. When Robert is in trouble, the bird will appear and give him a signal. Robert hears the bird is singing when he rolls over and sees the German, and then he realizes the sound of bird means that the German relents and shows mercy. He just let Robert and his men go: â€Å"A bird sang, something like a white-throated sparrow: one long note descending; three that wavered. This was the bird that had sung before† (127). After the German gets killed, the bird sings again, this time, the sound of bird is sorrowful. The bird is sad for the death of the German, also the bird is like the soldiers, it does not like the war, and it aspires for peace: â€Å"The bird sang†¦The sound of it would haunt him to the day he died† (131). Robert Ross sees his shadow from these animals, they have same characteristic and they are all very kind. As a soldier, Robert knows that the value of human life is treasurable so that he does not want to kill the innocents. The death of Rowena has a big impact on Robert’s life, and this incident changes his whole life. Even though Robert does not kill Rowena, he thinks that Rowena’s death is related to him. Robert feels guilty about Rowena’s death, so that he wants to join the war and escape from pain, â€Å"All he knew was that his hands felt empty. In this mind, they kept reaching out for the back of Rowena’s chair† (19). When Robert and his soldiers get gas attacked, Robert acts calm, and he reacts very fast. Robert is the only one who has the gas mask, and the rest of the soldiers do not have masks. Robert gives his mask to a wounded soldier, he does not even consider himself, and he just wants to save all the lives. He orders the rest of soldiers to urinate on their shirts and put it over their faces. They lie down for a moment, lastly, they get saved but unluckily, the injured soldier died, â€Å"Robert threw the gas mask at Bates. ‘Put that over [the injured soldier’s] face. And remember this gun is pointed right at your back’† (124). When Robert and his soldiers try to climb out from the trenches, he sees a German soldier and he is lenient so that he decides to ignore the German soldier: â€Å"He didn’t want to point it at him yet. He waited to see what reaction the gun itself would get† (129). As a soldier, Robert is not cruel, he appreciates every life, and he tries his best to protect his friends and family. By comparison, Captain Leather, Rodwell and Robert Ross, they treat animals and humans differently, Rodwell and Robert Ross are kind, but Captain Leather is cruel. Findley uses the relationships between humans and animals to reveal that in most cases, the nature of human is pure and innocent but sometimes merciless. Throughout the whole novel, human who respect animal’s life also show the most respect for life in general. As a reader, I realize that all the living creatures in the world are the same, they should respect each other. Works Cited Hippocrates. Notable Quotes about Animals & Humanity. Findley, Timothy. The Wars. Canada: Penguin Group, 2005.

Recomendations on mr burger marketing strategy Essay

It was found by our comprehensive market research that the 4 P’s of marketing are the most vital elements for Mr Burger . The customers looks to select fast food restaurant which gives the best value for money. The one that has the best quality of food, the most well priced , the one that has excellent ambiance and surroundings, the one that is most convenient to go to and the one that is recognized as a strong brand that gives the maximum facilities to the customers. Product The first thing that is important for Mr Burger is to provide the right quality and type of food to the customers. It is vital that they enhance their menu add additions to the existing menu they have , they can hire international experts to develop food items that gives the customer the taste they most desire . The menu can be further elaborated by introducing non-burger fast food items hugely demanded by the local population . i. e pizzas sandwiches and broast . By introducing these items they will ensure that they are present in wide variety of fast food categories and it will also give the customer a sense of satisfaction as they would have a vast variety and option to choose from when they go to Mr Burger. The other thing that could be done is to make products that are supplementary to the main meals. Excellent variety of shakes , deserts , sidelines like fries and some other ,different’ variety maybe some international item could be introduced like prawns or nuggets could go along very well. In our research we found that a strong competitor of Mr burger, MC Donald’s is vastly liked by customers due to its supplementary items such as the its fries and the Arabian rice and also KFC has high demand for its nuggets as a side line item after broast and its burger. Mr Burger can hire experts that develop the right mix of ingredients that suit the taste of local population. WE found that the local population avoids very greasy, salty and oily fast food items specially burgers ,which are all the features present in Mr Burger items. The other most crucial factor of fast food industry vital for the growth in Pakistan is the quality of food . This factor is specifically crucial to the population targeted by Mr Burger, mainly he middle income group , SEC A and B.to ensure the quality of food the primary thing required to do is get associate with globally recognized quality control and certification companies something like SGS Pakistan which in consumers mind is highly regarded as the most authentic authority in Pakistan. They can then market this affiliation by advertising it so that the consumers know that the food at Mr Burger is most hygienic and has the best quality. The brand could also see to create standard in suppliers of ingredients. They can also see that the workers are thoroughly trained and observed that they maintain high standards . To ensure higher reliability they can alos have the option of open window kitchen which means that the consumers are able to see how the meal is being cooked , the cleanliness in the kitchen and the cleanliness and hygiene of the their stock keeping place . The quality of food can also be improved by deploying quality control measures, it could be assigned to the manger to check the making process of its food on a step to step basis that sees that quality is being maintained . It could also be done that there are criterias of quality set for type of ingredients they use. Experts can suugest the best quality of chicken , bun , cheese etc needed to make the best thing. Mr buger could also introduce its special sauces , one thing that would add variety to its product , highly demanded by its potential customers. Anoher important factor for Mr burger is to maintain its unique selling point of its burgers and food items i. e its juicy and delicious taste as mentioned by the students we interviewed. They could however further enhance it by making burgers that enthrall the juiciness of its meat. The last recommendation we have to improve the quality of the product , the P of marketing we mentioned earlier is the healthy factor in its food items . Some student girls we interviewed earlier that it was crucial for them to have healty food , one that gives the right mix of nutrition , has the the lowest fat and calories and one that would not only provide the protient of chicket and meat but also gives nutrition present in other items such as vegetables, so it could be done that Mr burger introduce meals and items that are specially made for health conscious people . This would not only give a preference to health conscious segment but develop good customer relationship. These special meals can also be marketed for the people suffering from fatal disease such as cholesterol and other heart diseases , we observed that if a member of a family cant have a type of food , say if the father can not have high cholesterol food it is unlikely for the family to go there and eat thus it is essential for Mr Burger to develop and market such special meals in its menu . Place In our research we discovered that Mr Burger was failing because of another crucial factor of the 4 P’s of marketing, this was the place . It was discovered that Mr Burger does not have enough presence in terms of outlets throughout its market . Majority of the respondents told that the outlet was atleast 13 mins drive away from their houses or work places. This makes it unlikely that customers can visit Mr Burget very conveniently. We suggest that Mr Burger should increase its number of outlets , establishing big outlets In heavy traffic areas such as the sea view or Hyderi or Sindhi muslim areas in Karachi. However it can also establish small centers in high rent malls such as dolmen mall or areas such as zamzama , by doing so it will re establish its positions in peoples minds as a high quality fast food chain . Mr Burger can also affiliate with gas stations and educational institutions, they can share profit and investment with them , but more importantly by doing so it can gain a huge chunk of market share of students and passer by traffic. It was also found that a delivery service was crucial in food business and many people wanted Mr Burger to establish a good delivery system , thus we suggest to them that they partner with food delivery services and websites such as food panda and food delivery that would have a commission of their own but dekiver and market your products to the customers’ who want it delivered. It can make its own delivery system and hire specialists bikers to deliver it warm to the customer. Special delivery departments can be made in outlets that take the call for deliveries process the order separately. It is also vital for the brand to make outlets that maximize customer satisfaction. Feel good factors are very important in the outlets of restuarnts . The outlets should be clean , they should always have good music and nice smell . It is also suggested that to create customer satisfaction and brand loyalty and equity, the outlets should have special designing that highlight comfort , happiness ,security and joy . The outlets should be colorfull and must be well lightened all the time , they should have a special place for relaxation which can be a USP of their outlets. They could get it designed by an interior designer , instaliing paintings and TV screens to have a feel good factor. It is also important that they have some entertainment place for the infants , it was also observed that such things can be of a major interest for mothers and families that allows the children to have fun while they relax. In todays world it is also important for place of sale to have the unique characteristics that would attract customers , Mr Burger could have a high tier wifi setup of which signals are available to the customers 24 hours while present there . A good security system should also be in place at the outlets. Our research also allows us to suggest that that the outlets should have a drive thru system and/or a good parking or valet service available that plays a major role in customers coming to a fast food restaurant. Price We have deduced that Mr Burger should employ competive pricing , value based pricing and good value pricing . These strategies would ensure that all the major segments of the market are targeted. We suggest by our research that most of the items in the menu should lie on a competitive level i. e between Rs 250 – Rs 500. The special meals , one’s that are consciously targeting the health focusing segment can be assigned value based pricing . This will give them an impression of the effort , quality and value of the special diet meal created for them and that ‘this’ meal will ensure good nutritional mix for them. The last is good value pricing in which very basic burgers and meals that are very cost efficient can be made for the lower segment of the society i. e SEC C . The vast lower middle class population can hugely demand these meals and these may work during economically turbulent times. Our secondary research on Mc Donalds veggie burger that was only for RS 25 , introduced in India showed huge success and it maybe relevant using it here. Promotion Our study has shown that promotion and advertising is one the most important consideration for Mr Burger if they want to succeed to re establish their growth, brand ,sales and profits. The best way of creating value for money , establishing a system that gives you personal preference and creates a sense of brand, is best implemented in promotion and advertising activities. Mr Burger wll need to inform its customers about its new products , outlets , its special pricing etc . It will have to also create a sense of persuasion to try its food and also create loyalty. The first thing they should do is create a social media marketing team , by this they will be able to advertise their offerings on Facebook, YouTube , Twitter, etc. These are the most viewed and cost effective way of associating with their potential customers. They should also establish a time frame of marketing activities that would allow them to market on radio, billboards, and specially on magazines such as Home express. This could be done in a systematic and organized way that will start creating for them a word of mouth. They should employ aggressive marketing this would bring them in direct competition with Subway KFC and Mc Donalds, its major competitors. They could conduct some major CSR activities like support a foundation or a cause . This according to our research has a very positive impact on the society and leaves a huge positive mark in the minds of the population specially in Pakistan. To highlight customer preference factor they could make special membership cards that gives daily updates, discounts, and fast track facility during rush hours to people who sign up as members. They could orgainse a big event such as a concert and hire some professional singer or a sportsman to endorse their brand. By doing so they will create buzz marketing. Packaging and other factors It was noted that 7 % of the people said that packaging was an important factor , so we suggest that Mr Burger designs new special packaging for its meals. They should be designed in a way that gives a quality look of the barnd on of colorful and happiness, it may mention their tag line or any motivational statement. It is also important that the service provided to customers is excellent. Special focus and training should be given to employees on how to talk to customer , give highest preference to their queries and suggestions . Special feedback forms should be given to them, which should be immediately looked upon and worked upon. The timing should also be very precise , stocks should be maintained during rush hours so that customer is entertained within 10 mins of order. Our study reveals that these rush ours will be during 2- 6pm and will further increase from 6pm – 10 pm , so maintain stock during this time.

Religion, Poverty and Wealth

All Christians believe that the world and everything in it have been created by God. They believe that the world is holy, special, divine, worthy of respect and honour. ‘The earth is the Lord's, and everything in it, the world, and all who live in it; for he founded it upon the seas and established it upon the waters. ‘ Psalm 24:1-2 Because ‘the earth is the Lord's', Christians believe they are stewards or caretakers. They should be committed to the proper management of the world and its resources.Since the earth has been delegated to people by God they have to manage it esponsibly and productively for the sake of both their own and subsequent generations. The following bible quotes tell us that everything belongs to God. God made the mountains, the sea, dry land and the skies. They also show that God's creation reveals his greatness: ‘For the Lord is the great God ¤Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬: In his hand are the depths of the earth, and the mountain peaks belong to him. T he sea is his, for he made it, and his hands form the dry land' Psalm 95:3-6 Christianity teaches us that God is the God of nature, as well as of religion.God made the physical universe, sustains it, and still pronounces it good. God is interested in, nd looks after his creation. ‘God saw all that he had made, and it was very good. ‘ Genesis 1 Christians believe that God made human beings to be like himself. ‘So God created man in his own image ¤Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬: male and female he created them. God blessed them and said to them, be fruitful and increase in number, fill the earth and subdue it. Rule over the fish of the sea and the birds of the air and over every living creature that moves on the ground. Genesis 1:27-28 Human beings are godlike beings made in Gods likeness and possessing capacities which distinguish them from the animal creation. Since God is interested in the arth, so should the Christian want to care for all that God has made. God tells man to look after the earth and Christians believe they have a responsible task in God's plan for creation. God tells man they should care for the world and Christians believe that they should look atter it because ne nas given it to them. Theretore they should respect it and protect it.As well as caring for the earth, Jesus taught his followers to love God with all their heart, and to love their neighbours as themselves. In Matthew 19:16-21 Jesus told a rich, young man that if he wanted eternal life he should love his neighbour as imself, which included selling his processions and giving to the poor. Love of God cannot be separated from love for humanity. Christians try to live their lives by this rule. Christians believe they should take what they say and sing in church, in to their everyday lives, so that it affects all of their life, at home, work, school etc. Religion that God our Father accepts as pure and faultless is this: to look after orphans and widows in their distress. ‘ Jame s 1:27 Christians should truly love their neighbours and should be concerned for their total welfare: the well being of their soul, their body, and their community. Christians look to Jesus for an example for their lives. Jesus humbled himself and became weak and vulnerable to serve people. He healed the sick, feed the hungry and was a friend to the dropouts. He said he did not come to be served but to serve.Therefore if the Christian models his or her life on Jesus, it will involve entering into other people's worlds. Jesus was moved with compassion by the sight of needy human beings and Christians follow this example. Faith and love go together for Christians: ‘Faith by itself if it is not accompanied by action is dead ¤Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬:l will show you my faith by what I do. ‘ James 2:17-18 This implies that the Christian should show their faith by loving and serving others. ‘If anyone has material possessions and seize his brother in need but has no pity on him, ho w can the love of God be in him. 1 John 3:17 These verses give an example of how Christians should lay down their lives for others – to help those in need. When Jesus was asked to define what he meant by ‘neighbour', he told the well known parable of the good Samaritan which is found in Luke chapter 10. Jesus paints the scene of a man lying mugged by the side of a road. Two kind of religious leaders, a priest and a Levite pass him without stopping. The audience expect a third person to come by and help the victim who will be an ordinary layman, a fellow Jew. But Jesus surprises them. The third man is a Samaritan, an enemy.Jesus shows that loving your neighbour means acting when you meet a person in need, even it it is an enemy or an inconvenience to you. Jesus tells the people not to sit about debating who counts as your neighbour but to go out and be a good neighbour as the need arises. Christians believe that their neighbour is not Just the person who looks like them, but people of all races throughout the world who are all bound together in the human family. Jesus bases this love for enemies on the example of God. As the creator God, involved with every detail of the universe, he does not discriminate between deserving and undeserving human beings.

Arbitration

Arbitration Disclaimer: This work has been submitted by a student. This is not an example of the work produced by our Law Essay Writing Service . You can view samples of our professional work here . Arbitration INTRODUCTION The world has come to experience many changes in the way legal systems are evolving. The conventional methods of dispensing justice are being abandoned in favour of faster and more efficient methods of dispute resolution such as arbitration and mediation. The concept of arbitration has risen to prominence as a widely accepted form of dispute resolution between jurisdictions due to its many advantages and wide ranging applicability from commercial transactions to even the most simple of disputes and this can be seen in the fact that the United Nations Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards of 1958 has a total of 144 signatories. Mainly due to the cumbersome and lengthy process of litigation, many parties have opted for arbitration as a means of settling disputes due to its many advantages. This thinking behind this research is to critically evaluate the nature of arbitration and attempt to look at it as a veritable and eff icient means of alternative dispute resolution. It seeks to analyse arbitration in an introductory sense and attempt a differentiation between the recognition of an arbitral award and the enforcement of the award. It will attempt to look at the requirements under the various conventions for enforcement to be possible and then critically examine the grounds for non-enforcements under the conventions especially the New York convention of 1958. The methodology to be adopted by this research will be of a critical and comparative nature. Reviews of diverse literatures on the subject of this essay from one chapter to another will be carried out and in achieving the aim of this essay; diverse sources will be made reference to, including, international human rights instruments, legislations, case laws, books, journal articles, internet articles, general opinions and personal ideas. Particular emphasis will be placed on the New York convention of 1958 as a benchmark for comparism with other existing treaties and conventions on the subject. Chapter One will adopt an introductory approach and try to define the important issues raised in this essay especially the subject of arbitration and the essential nature of an award. It will define the term arbitration and attempt to enumerate the advantages or arbitration and why it has become so popular in regards to settlements of disputes viz a viz other methods of settlement of disputes. It will also differentiate between recognition of an award and the enforceability of an award which is very crucial to the very nature of an award. Chapter two will attempt to look at the requirements for enforcement and the available procedure in the New York convention and also attempt to do a comparative analysis between different jurisdictions to see the existing requirements for enforcement. Chapter three will focus on the major part of this work which will be the grounds for non-enforcement and recognition of an award under the New York c onvention of 1958 under Article 5(1) and Article 5(2) and other treaties. This will be considered in detail and a comparative analysis will be attempted to ascertain if this defences are strictly adhered to in certain jurisdictions.